liver disease

Frage	Antworten
What is the function of the liver?	Protein synthesis (albumin), excretion, Bile production and conkugation of bilirubin with glucuronic acid
What is Cholestasis?	A blockage of the bile duct that obstructs biule flow into the intestines
What are the effects of cholestasis?	excess bile absorbed into blood, bilirubin deposited into tissues (Jaundice)
What is jaundice (hyperbiliruninemia)?	deposition of excess bilirubin into tissues, causing a yellow colouring
Name at least 5 causes of jaundice	Cholestasis, hepatocellular disease, haemolytic disease, inborn errors, reabsorption of haematoma, neonotal jaundice
What types of jaundice are there?	unconjugated and conjugated
What can cause Cholestasis?	malignancies, gall stones, cirrhosis, pancreatitis
What is bilirubin?	a yellow pigment found in bile, left after older blood cells are removed
What is the function of albumin?	To transport bilirubin to tyhe liver where it is conjugated
what is the difference between conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin?	unconjugated contains glucuronic acid, and is water soluble, so can travel in blood
what can be used to measure bilirubin?	blood, urine and faeces
What is hepatitis?	liver cell damage
what are the causes of hepatitis?	viral infections, toxins e.g paracetamol
what are the characteristics of chronic hepatitis?	ongoing necrosis and inflammation of liver, can progress to cirrhosis, no treatment if hep c & often results in tumors
what are the characteristics of acute hepatitis?	long incubation period, flu-like symptoms, if hep c then dioagnosis is often too late
What is cirrhosis?	increased fibrous tissue formation leading to liver shrinkage, decreased hepatocellular function and obstruction of bile flow
what are the first two stages before cirrhosis?	acute and chronic alcoholic liver disease
what are the characteristics of stage 1 of alcoholic liver disease?	no biomarkers, fat deposition at the liver, mitochondrial dysfunction
what are the characteristics of stage 2 of alocoholic liver disease?	enzyme levels elevate slightly, collagen fibers from artound the terminal hepatic venule, starving liver of O2, necrosis
What are the characteristics of cirrhosis?	fibrosis, necrosis, liver failure, irreversible process
Which forms of hepatitis are most common?	A, B and C
In a CT scan, what indicates the presence of a tumor?	dark patches
what is the main drawbacksof liver function tests?	diseases are not detectable until they are fairly advanced
What are the liver function tests?	Bilirubins, albumin, alkaline phosphotase, ketone bodies, NH3/Urea, total proteins, transaminases, GGT, and total proteins
Where is alkaline phosphotase found?	main sites - surface of hepatocytes, microvilli of bile ducts also - bone & kidney tissues
What happens to ALP when a bile passages are blocked?	ALP levels rise, regurgitation into bloodstream
how is ALP synthesised?	mechanism is unknown, trololololol xD
What can high ALP levels indicate (dont just say liver disease, be specific sillyface)	cholestasis/obstructive jaundice at >300U/L. Hepatic injury at 300U/L. May also be high with infiltrative diseases e.g tumors
Why do enzyme based tests use international units rather then weight?	They measure the activity of the enzyme, not the weight.

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