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Karteikarten von Courtney Judd, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Courtney Judd
vor mehr als 8 Jahre
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| Frage | Antworten |
| What are the three different kinds of partial reinforcement schedules? | -Ratio schedules -Interval Schedules -IRT>t and IRT<t Schedules |
| What is a ratio schedule of reinforcement? | Specifies the number of time an individual has to do something in order to obtain a certain outcome. |
| What are molar feedback functions? | The relationship between the rate of behavior and the rate at which an outcome is earned. |
| What is molecular feedback? | The moment-to-moment relationship between behaviors and outcomes. |
| What are fixed-ratio schedules? | The number of times the target behavior must occur is the same for each reinforcer. Ex. Commission |
| What is a radio strain? | When the steps are too large or too meager between fixed-ratio schedules that the individual will show prolonged PRP. |
| What is PRP? | Post-reinforcement pause |
| Why do individuals switch to a run (steady rate of behavior after a PRP) on fixed ratio schedules? | -High rates of behavior produce more reinforcement -Short IRTs are differentially reinforced. |
| What are variable-ratio schedules? | (VR n) The number of times the target behavior must occur varies around a certain average (n) Ex. slot machines |
| What is an interval schedule? | A specific time interval after which the next behavior will produce the outcome. |
| what is a fixed-interval schedule? | The time interval that must elapse is the same across successive reinforcers. Ex. Waiting for something to cook without a clock |
| What is a variable-interval schedule? | The time interval that must elapse varies around a certain average (t) Ex. Trying to call a friend on the phone and getting a busy tone. |
| What is a limited hold? | A limited time to obtain an outcome. |
| what is behavioral persistence? | the tendency to continue to perform a behavior when that behavior no longer produces a reinforcing event. (measured by resistance to extinction) |
| How is behavioral persistence determined? | -Amount of previous success obtaining the outcome -Discriminability -Prior experience with schedules of partial reinforcement. |
| What is behavioral momentum? | The tendency for a behavior to persist when the reinforcement contingency is changed. (behaviors that are resistant to change have momentum) |
| On continuous reinforcement schedules, the bigger the reinforcer, ___ | the lower the resistance to extinction |
| On partial schedules, large reinforcers ____ | increase resistance to extinction |
| Free reinforcers during extinction do what? | decrease discriminability and increase resistance to extinction. |
| Prior experience with extinction ___ | decreases resistance to extinction |
| Signaling the transition from acquisition to extinction ___ | increases discriminability and decreases resistance to extinction |
| What is flooding? | Preventing avoidance behaviors to speed the extinction process. |
| What is implosion therapy? | It uses flooding to reduce phobias. |
| What is the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE) | The increases in resistance to extinction following experience with partial reinforcement. |
| What are respondents? | behaviors elicited by stimuli and not influenced by their consequences. |
| what are operants? | Behaviors that are influenced by their consequences and are not simply elicited by another stimulus. |
| What is operant conditioning of key pecking? | Pecking can be shaped and maintained by positive reinforcement. |
| what is pavlovian conditioning of key pecking? | Pigeons will peck at a key (CR) if that key illuminates (CS) prior to the delivery of food (US) |
| What is schedule-induced key pecking? | Pecking can be elicited by the periodic presentation of food |
| What is Theoretical Matching Law? | States that individuals allocate their time and effort based on the relative values of the available outcomes. |
| What is empirical matching law? | The observation that individuals match their behavior to the relative rates, amounts, or immediacies of the alternative outcomes. |
| What are concurrent schedules of reinforcement? | Two or more different schedules of partial reinforcements are simultaneously available. Ex. Side-by-side procedure Schedule-control procedure |
| What is Changeover Delay (COD)? | After switching schedules, an individual must work for some time (usually a few seconds) before earning a reinforcer. |
| What is the problem of indiscriminate switching between alternative | -On concurrent interval schedules, while individuals work on one schedule the other one is still advancing. -Changeover Delay (COD) |
| What does B stand for | Behavior |
| What does R stand for? | Reinforcement |
| What is temporal discounting? | The value of something decreases in a nonlinear manner the further away it is in time. |
| What are the empirical matching law requirements? | -Individuals are working on concurrent VI VI schedules with a change-over delay of a few seconds -Target behavior is the same on both schedules -Same effort to perform the target behavior on both schedules -No pre-existing preference for an option -Linear mapping of reinforcers to value. |
| What is bias? | when an individual prefers one alternative more than would be predicted from the empirical matching law. |
| What is undermatching? | It occurs when the relative allocation of behavior is less than predicted by the matching law. |
| Overmatching | Occur matches an individual favors the schedule with the higher rate of reinforcement more than the empirical matching law predicts. |
| What is molar maximizing AKA optimization | When individuals attempt to allocate their behavior to obtain the maximum gain for the least amount of effort. |
| What is momentary maximizing? | The momentary probability of being reinforced governs the individual's behavior. |
| Melioration | -Individuals are sensitive to the current behavioral cost of obtaining reinforcers -Individuals attempt to equalize the behavioral cost of obtaining reinforcement across the various choices. -Matching reflects the point at which these behavioral costs are roughly equivalent. |
| What does the rate of occurrence of a behavior depend on? | Rate of occurrence of a behavior depends on both the rate of reinforcement (R) and the rate of occurrence of other outcomes (RO) |
| What is the significance of the matching laws? | -Matching law added the law of effects in that it shows outcomes effect the behavior relative to all other behaviors and outcomes that can take place. -Allows us to construct psychological scales of value. |
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