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| Ecosystems and their components | Biosphere: All living things on Earth and places where they live. Troposphere, hydrosphere and upper part of geosphere. Ecosystem: Section of the biosphere formed by living things, phisical environment and the relationship. Ecology: Science that studies ecosystems. |
| Components of an ecosystem | The relationship between living things and the environment - Biotope: Temperature, precipitation, wind - Community or biocenosis: Animal, plants and other living things. |
| Factors of an ecosystem | Components of biotope and biocenosis that affect the development of living things. - Abiotic factors: Climatic, phisical and chemical. Tolerance ranges. - Biotic factors |
| The organization of living things in an ecosystem | Population: organisms from the same species: - Family populations - Colonial populations - Gregarious populations - State populations Community: a population interacts with other population |
| Relationships between living things | - Intraspecific: between individuals of the same species. * Competition * Cooperation - Interspecific: between individuals of different species. |
| Interspecific relationships | * Competition Predation * Parasitism * Mutualism * Symbiosis * Commensalism * Inquilism |
| Material and energy flow in ecosystems | |
| Trophic levels | * Producers * Consumers * Decomposers |
| Representantions of the transit of matter and energy | - Trophic chain _ Trophic network - Trophic pyramids: * Energy pyramid * Biomass pyramid * Number pyramid |
| How Living Things adapt to the environment | Adaptation refers to the adjustements which species make over million of years of evolution in order to manage their relationship with the environment. |
| Adaptation to temperature | - Fur and fat - Only active at night - Migration - Plants close to the ground - Lose their leaves - Traspiration |
| Adaptation to humidity | - Fat stored - Exoskeleton - Store water |
| Adaptation to light | - Eyes are adapted - Large leaves - Flowering or shedding regulated by the changing number of hours of sunlight. |
| Types of ecosystem | Group formed by the biotipe, the biocenosis and the relationships between them. - Terrestrial and aquatic. |
| The biggest terrestrial ecosystem: biomes | A biome is a set of terrestrial ecosystems that, due to sharing similar climatic conditions, have a similar biocenosis |
| Spanish terrestrial ecosystems: Atlantic forests | Northern areas of Spain: Abundant precipitation and mild temperatures. Deciduous species |
| Mediterranean or sclerophyllous forests | Long hot periods and droughts. Perennial leaves, hard and small. Grasslands: Mediterranean forests modify by human activity. Middle, east and southwest of the Iberian Peninsula.. Mediterranean shrubs: Maquis and garriga. |
| Aquatic ecosystems | - Marine ecosystems: Coastal and oceanic. Organisms: Bentic or pelagic ( nektonic or planktonic) - Inland water ecosystems: Calm water and Flowing water |
| The soil as an ecosystem | The soil is the outermost layer of the Earth's surface, and consists of loose materials. Layers or horizons: 0 horizon, A horizon, B horizon, C horizon, R horizon. Damage or deterioration: deforestation and overexploitation. |
| Humans and ecosystems | Equilibrium when: - Environmental conditions are settled. - Its component interact. - Population remain stable. Sustainable development uses the natural resources |
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