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| Frage | Antworten |
| subconscious | below conscious awareness; sleeping and dreaming |
| circadian rhythm | 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings |
| REM or rapid eye movement sleep | a unique phase of mammalian sleep characterized by random movement of the eyes, low muscle tone throughout the body, and the propensity of the sleeper to dream |
| NREM or non rapid eye movement sleep | sleep stages I-IV associated with slowing brain activity |
| alpha waves | normal electrical activity of the brain when conscious and relaxed |
| sleep spindles | occurs during stage 2; short bursts of rapid, high amplitude brain waves |
| Restoration theory of sleep | sleep rejuvenates the mind and the body. REM sleep restores mental and brain functions, while NREM sleep restores key physical functions |
| adaptive theory of sleep | evolutionary psychologists argue that sleep patterns evolved so that humans could conserve energy and avoid problems |
| psychoanalytic/psychodynamic view | according to Sigmund Freud dreams provide insights into the unconscious motives by expressing hidden desires and conflicts |
| manifest content | all the parts of the dream that we remember |
| latent content | underlying, more hidden, but true meaning of a dream |
| activation synthesis theory | dreams are a random event caused by firing of neurons in the brain. The brain synthesizes these spontaneous signals into coherent patterns or dreams |
| information processing theory | proposed in 1993, theory states that dreams allow people to review and address problems they faced during waking life. |
| insomnia | problems falling and staying asleep |
| narcolepsy | falling asleep all the time |
| sleep apnea | potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts. |
| night terrors | not able to wake someone up, having nightmares |
| REM rebound | lengthening and increasing frequency and depth of rapid eye movement |
| hypnosis | being controlled while asleep |
| Ernest hilgard and the hidden observer | hilgard conducted an experiment with hypnotized subjects who showed no sign of pain when they were submerged their arms in an ice bath, but when asked to raise their index finger if they felt pain, 70% did. |
| psychoactive drugs | a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, or consciousness |
| agonistic drugs | enhance a neurotransmitters effect |
| antagonistic drugs | inhibit a neurotransmitters effects |
| withdrawal | physical and mental symptoms that occur after stopping or reducing intake of a drug |
| tolerance | the ability or willingness to tolerate something |
| depressants | a drug that lowers neurotransmission levels, which is to depress or reduce arousal or stimulation in various areas if the brain |
| stimulants | increase alertness and energy |
| opiates | depress neural functioning; numb the senses and relieves pain. Extremely addictive and withdrawal is painful |
| hallucinogens | a psychoactive agent which can cause hallucinations, perceptual anomalies, and other substantial subjective changes in thoughts, emotion, and consciousness. |
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