Bio 366- Northern Ecology of Birds

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flash cards for basic terms and concepts
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Frage Antworten
Rapport's rule latitudinal ranges of plants and animals are generally smaller at low than at high latitudes
What are 3 strategies for northern living? 1. permanent residents 2. short-distance migrants (winter in temperate areas) 3. long-distance migrants (wintering in the tropics)
Define Nearctic the zoogeographic region of North America, Greenland and N Mexico
Palaearctic the zoogeographic region of Europe, North Africa, W Asia, Siberia, N China, Japan
Holarctic the zoogeographic region comprising the Nearctic and Palaearctic
Zoogeography study of the geographical distribution of animals and animal communities
Tree cavities hollowed out portions of live or dead trees originating from….. • Natural (non-animal) agents – decay or physical damage, fungus, broken limbs • Excavation – usually by woodpeckers
Primary Excavators species that create their own cavity, usually woodpeckers
Weak Excavators can create their own cavity but also often renovate, enlarge or otherwise use existing cavities, e.g. chickadees, nuthatches
Secondary Cavity Nesters / Users cannot create their own cavity, rely on those created by primary or weak excavators or natural cavities, e.g. swallows, ducks,
Why use cavities? 1. avoid predation 2. Refuge from weather – more stable temperature, drier, less wind, generally warmer when nesting, but especially for single and communal roosting in cold weather (nuthatches, bats)
Synchronous hatching because eggs are all incubated at the same time, the eggs in a clutch all hatch at the same time, even though egg laid over 2 weeks
What are the benefits of migrating north? long photoperiod – allows more time for foraging • abundant food (but limited over time) • reduced competition
capital breeders accumulate nutrient reserves before breeding and these are used to form the eggs (e.g., geese)
income breeders ingest food and immediately divert a fraction into egg formation without relying on stored reserves
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