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| Frage | Antworten |
| trait theories | combines bio + psychological attributes explain crime, each offender is unique, physically, mentally, behaviourally |
| Biological trait theory Cesare Lombroso | born criminal, to ID primitive atavistic anomalies using scientific methods |
| Raffaele Garofalo | certain physical characteristics indicate nature, ex pain tolerance, tattooing |
| Enrico Ferri | biological/ organic factors caused delinquency/crime. criminals should not be held morally acountable |
| William Sheldon somatype school | an idea used in a system developed for categorizing ppl on basis of their body build ex ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph |
| trait theorists used scientific methods of ... | experimental research, control groups. disadvantage is the labelling of certain ppl and assuming they are their ID. |
| Sociobiology Edmund O. Wilson | branch of science that views human Bhav as being motivated by inborn bio. urges & desires: to survive & reproduce motivates humans |
| Sociobiologists view... | genes ultimate unit that control life, envir+situation impacts behaviour, bio, envir, learning mutually interdependent factors |
| Modern Sociobiologist believe | that physical, envir, social conditions work together to produce human Bhav |
| Equipotentiality | concept that individuals are equal birth & thereafter are influenced by their envir |
| Instincts | mechanism by w/h routine actions & Bhav are known automatically w/out being learned |
| Sociobiologist principles | 1. Everyone is born w/ different physical make up 2. importance of brain functioning, mental, learning process 3. Instincts activate Bhav |
| 4 Biosocial Theories of crime | 1. Biochemical 2. Neurological 3. Genetic/Epigentics 4. Evolutionary |
| Biochemical | believe that those are genetically predetermined and acquired through diet + envir. ex B12 deficiency leads to depression |
| High levels of sugar in the diet indicate what? | attention-span deficiencies, violence and aggression |
| hypoglycemia | biochemical condition, sugar deficiency, w/h influences Bhav+ criminality, irritable, anxiety, depression, fatigue, insomnia, mood swings |
| Hormonal Influences James Q Wilson Moral Sense | hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters play key role in understanding human Bhav ex. Males are more aggressive then females due to biology |
| Androgens | male sex hormones, which have been linked yo criminality |
| testosterone | male androgen/hormone w/h controls secondary sex characteristics, alter Bhav. ex women w/ higher level = higher aggression |
| lower SES (socioeconomic status) contributes to | greater stress therefore affects health, aggression, higher cortisol (higher depression) |
| PMS | biogenetic theory that several days pior 1 to/during menstruation females are beset by irritability/ poor judgement b/c of hormones = tendency toward crime |
| neuroallergies | reaction in brain affect NS, enzymes that cause swelling in brain |
| Environmental contaminants | dangerous quantities of copper, cadmium, mercury, inorganic gases linked to illness, disorders, Bhav |
| high levels of lead to | low IQ, attention problems, delinquency, aggressiveness, poor language skills |
| neurophysiology | study of brain activity, abnormalities acquired during fetal/ perinatal stage, control Bhav |
| EEG electroencephalograph | a device that can record electronic impulses given off by brain waves |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | children exposed to alcohol in the womb, ADHD, poor impulses, speech problems, consequence non reaction |
| MBD Minimal brain dysfunction | Abnormality in cerebral structure that causes maladaptive Bhav, linked to antisocial acts, urge-control |
| ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | condition in w/h a child shows a developmentally inappropriate lack of attention, impulse, hyperactive |
| psychopathic subects have problems in the... | temporal and frontal regions of brain |
| Low levels of MAO (mono-amine oxidase) engage in... | defiance of punishment, impulsiveness, hyperactivity, poor academic performance, recreational drug use |
| deficiency in MAOA in abused children is an indicator of | future violence, criminality |
| deficiency in MAOA in abused children is an indicator of | future violence, criminality |
| arousal theory | view that ppl w/ high arousal level seek powerful stimuli to maintain an optimal level of arousal: violence aggression, sociopath |
| arousal theory | view that ppl w/ high arousal level seek powerful stimuli to maintain an optimal level of arousal: violence aggression, sociopath |
| extra Y (XYY) chromosome is an indicator of what? | may cause higher levels of violence, homicide. |
| Twin studies MZ monozygotic twins DZ dizygotic twins | 60% of MZ twins share criminal bahviour, 30% of DZ twins share criminal pattern |
| adoption studies Hutchings, and Mednick | criminality in child is predicted by biological fathers crime Bhav, |
| Disadvantage of genetic research | 1. small sample 2. generalizability 3. inadequate research designs 4. sibling relation & likeness |
| Evolutionary view | as beings evolved certain traits have become ingrained & responsible for crime ex jealousy |
| r/K Selection Theory | K-oriented ppl are more cooperative & sensitive to others; r-oriented ppl are more cunning & deceptive. Sets of adaption are needed depending on environmental growth |
| cheater theory | subpop. of men have evolved to w/ genes that incline them toward extremely low parental involvement, use stealth to gain mates, or rape. |
| Biosocial criminology flaw | 1.lower class commit more crimes infers they are inferior/ flawed in someway 2.lack of empirical evidence 3.Nature vs. Nurture origin 4.non-representative samples |
| Psychological trait theory | mental aspects of crime, including intelligence, personality, learning, criminal Bhav |
| Charles Goring | biometric method of study, no pattern to physical trait similarity in criminals, rela. b/w crime & defective intelligence, reproducing delinquents |
| Gabriel Tarde | ppl learn from process of imitation 1. ppl in close contact Bhav similarly 2. top- down imitation (age, class) 3. new acts impose on old Bhav. |
| social learning theory Tarde | view that Bhav is modelled on observation of social interaction, direct observation of those who are close, directly through media. Reward/punishment reinforcement |
| psychodynamic (psychoanalytic) theory | branch of psychology that holds that human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood |
| repression | a process in w/h unconscious mind contains feelings about sec and hostility; most ppl keep these feelings below surface of consciousness |
| freud 3 theories of self | id-lizard brain ego-social brain superego-frontal/moral brain |
| Human Development | 1.eros: sexual/pleasure drive at birth 2. anal stage 3.phallic stage:genital focus 4.Latency stage: repress sexuality |
| Neurosis psychodynamic theory | a syndrome whereby ppl suffer when they experience feelings of mental anguish & are afraid they are losing control of pers. |
| psychosis | a syndrome in w/h ppl have lost total control & are dominated by their primitive ID; their Bhav may be marked by bizarre episodes, hallucinations, inappropriate repsonses |
| schizophrenia | bizarre Bhav, hallucinations, loss of thought control, inappropriate emo. response |
| inferiority complex | a term used to describe the sense of inadequacy held by ppl who compensate for feelings of inferior w/ drive for superiority; need to control |
| identity crisis | a psychological state, identified by Erikson, in w/h youths face inner turmoil & uncertainty about life roles |
| August Aichorn latent delinquency | idea that a mental predisposition prepares youths psychologically for antisocial acts |
| latent delinquency found in youngsters | 1. seek immediate gratification 2. consider satisfying personal needs more important than relating to others 3. instinctive urges w/out consideration right/wrong |
| weak egos are associated w/ | immaturity, poor social skills, excessive dependence on others, easily led |
| undeveloped superegos | dont understand the difference b/ right and wrong |
| id-dominated ppl | inability to control impulsive, pleasure seeking drives |
| Behaviour theory | approach that human actions are developed through a variety of learning experiences over course of lifetime |
| Albert Bandura | ppl are not born w/ ability to act violently, it is learned through aggressive experiences |
| behaviour modelling | process of learning aggressive acts from 3 principle sources: family members, environmental experiences, mass media |
| 4 factors to influence violent Bhav | 1.situation causing arousal, assault/verbal provocation 2. observational aggressive learning 3. belief that aggression will be awarded 4. justified aggression |
| cognitive school William James, Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener | theory that studies our perceptions of reality & of mental processes required to understand world we live in |
| Lawrence Kohlberg 6 stages of moral development | 1. obedience to power, avoid punishment 2. Taking responsibility for self 3. good motives for self and others 4. Maintaining rules of society 5. Social contract of rights 6. understanding justice, equality, respect |
| how do cognitive theorists study antisocial Bhav? | information processing through perception and analysis data |
| Cognitive therapists teach | control over aggressive impulses by finding a solution |
| Psychoanalysts view illness... Cognitive Psych link.... Bhav theorists look to.. | ....as retreat from unbearable stress/conflict ...thought disorders/ over stimulation ...environmental influences |
| Personality | reasonably stable patterns of Bhav, thoughts, emotions distinguish 1 person from another; psychological conflict/ underdevelopment result in neurotic/ psychotic Bhav patterns |
| psychopathy | a mental disorder, esp. when manifested as antisocial Bhav. |
| sociopathy | mental disorder characterized by lack of warmth and affection, inappropriate responses, & an inability to learn from experience |
| antisocial personality | characterized by lack of normal responses to life situation, inability to learn from punishment, violent reactions to non-threatening events |
| Contributors to Psychopathic personality | unstable parent, parental rejection, lack of love in childhood, inconsistent discipline |
| Tests used in Personality Trait Testing | Rorschach inkblot test, Thematic Apperception, MMPI |
| early childhood trauma can create | specific rage to abandonment & spousal homicide |
| Eugenics in Canada 1920-1972 | Sexual Sterilization Act was created to sterilize criminals and keep them from reproducing |
| Nature Theory | intelligence is largely determined by genetics, low IQ is linked to crime |
| Nurture Theory Edwin Sutherland | cultural explanations of human behaviour, intelligence is sociological. Criminal Bhav has nothing to do w/ IQ |
| IQ-crime link | modern IQ tests do not involve race, class but there is still some support lower IQ and crime= James Q Wilson |
| What therapies work best? | therapeutic, preventive treatment, prisons, medication, community clinics, diet, allergies,non-punitive rehabilitation, counseling, Bhav therapy, Cognitive therapy |
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