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Erstellt von Ashley Hay
vor mehr als 8 Jahre
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Frage | Antworten |
primary succession | ecological succession occurring on surfaces initially devoid of soil (starts w/ algae, mosses, & lichens) |
secondary succession | succession of plant life that occurs in areas that were disturbed but didn't lose their soil (starts w/ grasses + wildflowers) |
theory of island biogeography | dual importance of habitat size and distance in determining species richness bigger habitats = more species less distance = more species |
species richness | number of species in a given area |
species evenness | relative proportion of individuals within the different species in a given area |
microevolution | evolution below the species level |
macroevolution | evolution that gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla |
mutation | random change in genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process |
recombination | genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division |
artificial selection | humans determine which individuals breed, typically w/ a preconceived set of traits in mind (ex: dogs) |
tundra | simple food chain, cold, treeless, short growing season, short plants (shrubs, moss, etc.) |
boreal forest (aka coniferous aka taiga) | cold winters, low precipitation, poor soil, evergreen trees |
temperate rainforest | moderate temperature, high precipitation, coastal, large trees |
temperate (seasonal) forest (aka deciduous) | warm summer / cold winter, long growing season, good soil, broadleaf trees |
temperate grassland / cold desert | cold/harsh winter, hot/dry summer, fires common, grasses |
woodland / shrubland | mild/rainy winter, hot/dry summer, plants are drought + fire resistant (ex: sage) |
tropical seasonal forest (aka savanna) | warm temperatures, distinct wet/dry seasons, grasses and grazing animals, open landscape, fertile soil |
desert | hot temperature, dry, sparse vegetation, succulents common |
nitrogen fixation | converts nitrogen gas in atmosphere into nitrogen that producers can use biotic: bacteria = N2 -> NH3 -> NH4+ abiotic: lightning, fires & fossil fuels: N2 -> NO3- |
transpiration | release of water from photosynthesis |
evapotranspiration | combined amount of evaporation and transpiration - measure of water through ecosystem |
fossil fuels | solid: coal liquid: petroleum (oil) gas: natural gas from carbon cycle, when burnt makes CO2 |
10% rule | energy is conserved at about 10% when passing from prey to predator (in other words, only 10% passes from each level on the pyramid) |
photosynthesis | process where producers use solar energy to convert CO2 and water into glucose sunlight + C02 + H2O ---> O2 + glucose |
cellular respiration | process where cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds O2 + glucose ---> CO2 + H2O + energy |
aerobic and anaerobic respiration | aerobic: cells convert glucose and O2 into energy, CO2, and H2O anaerobic: same as the above, but without oxygen (ex: some bacteria in the mud) |
detritivores | organisms that specialize in breaking down dead tissues and waste products into smaller particles (ex: dung beetles) |
GPP (gross primary productivity) | the total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time |
NPP (net primary productivity) | the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire NPP = GPP - respiration |
ecological efficiency | the proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one energy level to another |
gene flow | the process where individuals move from one population to another and thereby alter the genetic composition of both populations |
genetic drift | a change in the genetic variation among individuals in a population |
bottleneck effect | a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population b/c of the reduction in size |
founder effect | a change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals |
keystone species | a species that plays a far more important role in its community than its relative abundance would suggest (ex: sea otters) |
fundamental niche | a suite of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow, and reproduce |
realized niche | the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives |
niche generalist vs. specialist | generalist: a species that can live under a wide range of abiotic or biotic conditions specialist: a species that is specialized to a specific habitat or to feed on a small group of species |
mass extinction | a large extinction of species in a relatively short period of time (there have been 5, but most scientists suggest we are currently living in the 6th) |
ammonification | fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic nitrogen found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic ammonium (NH4+) **part of the nitrogen cycle |
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