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Beschreibung
Karteikarten von Amelia Claire, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Amelia Claire
vor mehr als 8 Jahre
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| Frage | Antworten |
| What are the functions of the plasma membrane of a cell? | Physical isolation - separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid. Regulation - controls entry of ions and nutrients, release of secretions and waste Sensitivity - contains receptors that allow it to respond to other molecules Structure - stability of cell |
| Proteasome | Proteasomes are organelles that contain proteolytic enzymes (proteases). They remove damaged, denatured or abnormal proteins from the cytoplasm. |
| The Endoplasmic Reticulum | The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of intracellular membranes, continuous with the nuclear envelope. Folds polypeptides into new proteins. |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) | The SER has no ribosomes. It is involved in synthesis of lipids and phospholipids, steroid hormones (oestrogen and androgens), metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of natural metabolism products and of alcohol and drugs. |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) | RER contains ribosomes. Here, newly synthesised proteins are modified, packaged, and exported to the Golgi Apparatus. Ribosomes synthesise proteins based on instructions by RNA. |
| Golgi Body | The Golgi Body reeves proteins or glycoproteins from the ER. It modifies and packages them to be secretions for release from the cell. It also packages essential organelles, lysosomes, for use within the cytoplasm. |
| Lysosome | Lysosomes are membrane bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes that break down large molecules. Formed by the Golgi Body, lysosomes remove damaged organelles, destroy bacteria and cleanup the cell. Waste = exocytosis, anything usable is reabsorbed into cytosol. |
| Peroxisome | Enzymes for Peroxisomes are produced at free ribosomes and transported by carrier proteins. Peroxisomes absorb and break down fatty acids and other organic compounds. This produces hydrogen peroxide, then broken down by catalase into oxygen and water. |
| Mitochondria | Mitochondria are double membrane bound, contain their own DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomes in their matrix. They produce energy; metabolic enzymes in the matrix catalyse reactions that release carbon dioxide and additional energy for cell function. Makes ATP (adenosine triphosphate) |
| Plasma Membrane phospholipid bilayer) | hydrophobic tails phosphor heads receptors protein channels pores enzymes and more! |
| Homeostasis | All body systems working to ensure a stable internal environment, in response to changes inside and outside the body. *Ensuring our body functions within a normal range* |
| Intrinsic Regulation (Autoregulation) | Automatic response in a cell, tissue or organ, to some environmental change. |
| Extrinsic Regulation | Responses controlled by the nervous system or endocrine system |
| What are the three components required for homeostasis? | Receptor Control Centre Effector |
| What does the "receptor" do in homeostasis? | Receptor receives the message/stimulus detecting change |
| What does the "control centre" do in homeostasis? | The Control Centre processes the signal and sends out instructions to the Effector. |
| What does the "effector" do in homeostasis? | The Effector carries out instructions from the Control Centre, and enacts a response relating to the original stimuli to bring the body to homeostasis. |
| Negative Feedback | The Effector negates or stops the stimulus, bringing body to homeostasis. |
| Positive Feedback | The Effector increases the stimulus to bring the body outside of normal range temporarily. An example of this is in blood clotting following a cut. |
| Contents of a cell | The cell contains a cytoplasm which is filled with cytosol and organelles, as well as the nucleus. |
| The Nucleus | The nucleus determines the cell's structure and function based on the RNA it contains. The nucleolus that sits within the nucleus, makes ribosomes. |
| DNA Nitrogenous Bases | Nitrogenous bases are: Adenine Thymine (DNA) Guanine Cytosine Uracil (RNA) |
| DNA Nitrogenous Bases Complimentary Strands | Adenine - Thymine Guanine - Cytosine |
| DNA / Chromosomes | In dividing cells, DNA is tightly coiled around histones to form chromosomes. |
| What are the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis? | Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
| Microvilli | microvilli increase the surface area of the cell for increased absorption of extracellular materials; mostly found in the digestive system |
| Cilia | Cilia are small hair like projections that move in a wave like motion to help move gunk out of your lungs etc |
| Protein Synthesis | Gene Activation, Transcription, Translation, Processing, Folding |
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