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| Frage | Antworten |
| Genome | complete set of genes an organism possess, 20000-30000 genes located in 23 pairs, one set comes from mom/ dad in each nucleua in body, |
| Human Genome Project | multimillion-dollar research sequencing entire human genome, DNA specific to humans |
| DNA includes 2 things | 1) 2%of DNA is decoded protein 2) 98% that was known as genetic junk is what controls everything being expressed in a person - epigenetics |
| Eugenics | design a future of human species by fostering reproduction of persons w/ certain traits, while discouraging others |
| behavioural genetics | changing behaviour could in term change your expression of genetics, studying genetics through Bhav patterns |
| 2 Genetics makeup stats | 1) 90% is genetic difference 2) 10% environment |
| percentage of variance | individuals vary from each other, which can be partitioned into %s that are due to diff. causes |
| Heritability | statistic refers to proportion of observed variance in a group of individuals that can be accounted for by genetic variance |
| environmentality | % of observed variance in a group of individuals that can be attributed to environmental/ nongenetic differences |
| nature/ nurture debate | arguments about whether genes or environment are more important determinants of personality |
| for an individual | there is only uniqueness of genes, genes and environment are inseparable |
| balance of genetics and situation are .... | relevant to the trait being researched |
| Selective Breeding | ID a desirable trait and having & breeding it out of 2 subjects |
| Family studies | correlate degree of genetic relatedness among family members w/ degree of personality similarity |
| Twin Studies | estimate heritability by gauging whether identical twins 100% same DNA |
| MZ/DZ correlation in twins | heritability^2 =2(r^mz-r^dz) |
| r^mz | correlation coefficient computed b/w pairs of monozygotic twins |
| r^dz | correlation b/w dizygotic twins |
| equal environment assumption | environments experienced by ID twins are no similar to each other than are environments experienced by fraternal twins |
| adoption studies | most powerful Bhav genetic methods, correlates differences between genetics Bhav and adopted environment |
| adoption studies problems assumption of representativeness | assumes everyone is of the general population, can be tested through clinical examinations |
| selective placement | adopted children are placed w/ adoptive parents who are similar to birth parents, inflate correlation b/w adopted children & adoptive parents |
| Extroversion | is dimensional |
| Neuroticism | dimension w/ one end characteristic of nervousness, anxiety, volatile, 47% heritability |
| adoption studies heritability | extroversion - 40% neuroticism - 30% |
| activity level heritability | 50% on average for temperaments, emotionality, sociability , persistence, fear, distractibility |
| substantial heritability | dispositions that can be related to one specific trait or disorder |
| Big five heritability | 40% |
| 7 Genetic Influences | 1) conservative/ modern 2) occupational preferences 71% 3) religious attitudes 12% 4) smoking MZ twins -16Xs more likely, DZ twins -7Xs more 5) alcohol - 67% W, 71% M 6) propensity to marriage/ single 68% 7) martial satisfaction 50% |
| 3 Sexual Orientation | 1) males: hypothalamus-medial preoptic region 2) heritability- 30 to 70% 3) childhood gender nonconformity: M50% W37% |
| heritable % of traits environmental degree in traits % | -30-50% -50-70% |
| shared environmental influence | number of books in a home, absence of TV, parents values, quality & quantity of food |
| non-shared environment | special treatment, groups of friends, different bedrooms, summer camp, different experience |
| Genotype-environment interaction | differential response of individuals w/ different genotypes to same environment |
| abused children have genotype-environment interactions | genotype develops, of low production of MAOA - monoamine oxidase A |
| genotype-environment correlation | differential exposure of individuals w/ diff. genotypes to diff. environments, parents w/ lower verbal skills will not give children proper stimulation |
| Passive genotype-environment correlation | parents provide both genes & environment to children, yet children do nothing to obtain envir. |
| reactive genotype-environment correlation | parents respond to children differently, depending on childs genotype- cuddlers/ noncuddlers |
| Active genotype-environment correlation | a person w/ particular genotype creates or seeks out a particular environment - skydrivers |
| 3 genotype-environment Influences | 1) rule breaking 2) promoting cohesion through calmness 3) positive emotionality |
| Molecular Genetics | designed to ID specific genes associated w/ personality traits |
| DRD4 chromosome 11 | codes protein dopamine R = thrill seeking, impulsivity, addiction |
| DRD2 | dopamine receptor gene, different allele of diff. gene of A1 allele of D2-R |
| 7R allele on DRD4 | differs greatly in diff. geographical locations, increases migratory populations/ nomadic pop. |
| 5-HTT serotonin transporter | stressful events cause depression from this specific gene |
| environmental view | personality is determined by socialization practices, parenting |
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