Psyc concepts chapter 1

Frage	Antworten
adaptation	Inherited solutions to ancestral problems selected because they contribute to reproductive success; they continue to perform that function even when the problem no longer exists.
asylums	facilities for treating the mentally ill that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages and into the 19th century
behavioral neuroscience	the study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior.
behaviourism	a school of psychology - that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives.
biological psychology	the study of the relationship between bodily systems & chemicals, & how they influence behavior and thought.
clinical psychology	the field that deals with the treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and the promotion of psychological health.
cognitive psychology	the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems.
collectivist culture	a culture in which people view themselves in connection to others; the needs of the group are more important than the needs of individuals.
developmental psychology	the study of how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span.
educational psychology	the study of learning, the effectiveness of teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, & the psychology of teaching.
empiricism	the view that all knowledge and thoughts come from experience.
evolution	the change over time in the frequency with which specific genes occur within a breeding species.
evolutionary psychology	the branch of psychology that aims to understand the functions of the human mind by looking at & understanding what adaptive problems it may have solved earlier in its ancestral past.
forensic psychology	the study that combines psychology & the legal & criminal justice systems.
functionalism	a school of psychology- looking at why the mind worked the way it did rather than to describe its parts.
Gestalt psychology	a theory of psychology that proposes to perceive things as wholes rather than a compilation of parts.
health psychology	the study of the role that psychological factors play in regard to physical health and illness.
humanistic psychology	a theory of psychology that focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one’s highest potential.
individualistic culture	a culture in which people tend to view themselves as autonomous individuals
industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology	the application of psychological concepts, questions to work settings & problems.
introspection	the main method of investigation for structuralists; looking into one’s own mind for information about the nature of conscious experience.
moral treatment	treatment of the mentally ill in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries; its goal was to offer dignity &care in a relaxing environment.
natural selection	a feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another, depending on impact on reproduction.
nature through nurture	the position that the environment—constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are & what we do.
neuroscience	the interdisciplinary study of the structure and function of human and animal brains.
personality psychology	the study of what makes people unique- the consistencies in people’s behavior across time & situations.
positive psychology	a theory of psychology promoting healthy and positive psychological functioning, but does so from a scientific rather than theoretical perspective.
psychoanalysis	a clinically based approach to understanding and treating psychological disorders; assumes that the unconscious mind is the most powerful force behind thought& behavior.
psychology	the scientific study of thought & behavior.
psychophysics	the first scientific form of psychology; laboratory studies of the subjective experience of physical sensations.
shamans	those who treat the possessed by driving out demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers.
social psychology	the study of how living among others influences thought, feeling, and behavior.
socio-cultural perspective	an approach to psychological research that emphasizes cross-cultural differences in thinking and behavior.
sports psychology	the study of psychological factors in sports and exercise.
structuralism	19th-century school of psychology that argued that breaking down experience into its elemental parts offers the best way to understand thought & behavior.
Emil Kraepelin	began a systematic method of classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders. He identified dementia praecox.
Dorathea Dix	was the first practitioner of moral treatment. In 40 years, she personally helped to open 30 homes for moral treatment of the mentally ill.
Hippocrates	Established natural and physical explanations for disorders in ancient times. He was the first to write about acrophobia – the fear of heights.
trephination	the drilling of a small hole in the person’s skull to release the spirits and demons that possessed the afflicted person.
float test	Medieval practice used to "test" if a person had a witch identity-a person’s hands and feet were tied & she was thrown into a lake or river. If she floated, she had to be guilty because only the Devil could make someone float; if she sank, she was innocent.
John Locke	Stated that knowledge comes from experience-empiricism. He believed that the mind begins as a blank slate (tabula rasa), and that experience (what one sees, hears, tastes, touches, and smells) establishes its contents.
Ernst Weber, Gustav Fechner, and Hermann von Helmholtz	Philosophers who contributed to the ideas that tests should be done- they were called experimental psychologists.
Wilhelm Wundts	Set up his psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. This is considered the birthplace of experimental psychology. Is also credited with the separation of psychology from philosophy and physiology.
James Mark Baldwin	Wundts apprentice, who established the first Canadian laboratory of experimental psychology at the University of Toronto in 1891-considered the founder of psychology in the United States.
G. Stanley Hall	opened the first U.S. laboratory of psychology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore thereby establishing psychology as a science in the United States. He founded the American Psychological Association (APA) and become its first president in 1892.
Francis Cecil Sumner	was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology (1920).
Mary Whiton Calkins	became the first female president of the APA in 1905. Despite her accomplishments, Harvard refused to grant her a Ph.D. because she was a woman.
Margaret Floy Washburn	the first woman to be granted a Ph.D. in 1894. She is most famous for writing a book The Animal Mind based on her research with animals.
William James	was one of the most famous functionalists.
John Watson	Founded behaviorism- proposes that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives.
Edward Titchener	one of the most famous structuralists, who used introspection in his study of behaviors.
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers	Founders of the Humanistic psychology movement in the 60's-which focuses on personal growth and meaning as a way of reaching one’s highest potential.
Martin Seligman and Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi	Initiators of the movement called the positive psychology movement in the 1990s. It shares the humanism belief that psychology should focus on studying, understanding, & promoting healthy &positive psychological functioning with a scientific focus.
Max Wertheimer	Developed Gestalt psychology-which proposed that we perceive things as unified whole rather than a compilation of parts, focused on perceptions.
Neuroscientists	Major contributors are Donald Hebb, -Hebb's Law, & Wilder Penfield who pioneered epilepsy treatments through surgery.
interactionist perspective	The notion of nature through nurture, mainly the concept that the environment constantly interacts with biology to shape who we are and what we do.
Mind-Body Dualism	How much separation is between mind & body? This dualism, is the separation of mind and body. If true, allows for the idea of a soul that survives bodily death. This allows for ideas of reincarnation and resurrection.
chance mutations	genes which change for no apparent reason-these mutations can cause variation in the design of a structure or a set of behaviors.
Native North American medicine	medicine practices which relied not only on spiritual healing, but also on the use of herbs and botanicals that contained medical ingredients.

Nächster

Psyc concepts chapter 1

Beschreibung

Zusammenfassung der Ressource

ähnlicher Inhalt

	Erstellt von Victoria hamm vor mehr als 8 Jahre