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Beschreibung
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| Frage | Antworten |
| A Posteriori | Knowledge of propositions that can only be known true/false through sense experience |
| A Priori | Knowledge of propositions that don NOT require (sense) experience to be known true/false |
| Abstract | Theoretical (rather than applied or practical) and removed from any concrete objects or instances |
| Action | Something an agent does intentionally |
| Actual World | The world as it is. The actual world is a possible world, specifically the one we live in |
| Ad Hoc | A statement or a move in an argument that suits the purpose at hand but has NO independent support |
| Analogy | Similarity in several respects between different things |
| Argument from Analogy | Mill's argument that we can use the behaviour of other people to infer that they have minds because they behave as I do, and I have a mind |
| Analysis | Process of breaking up complex concept or expression in order to reveal its simpler constituents, thereby elucidating its meaning |
| Analytic | A proposition that is true (false) in virtue of the meanings of the words. E.g: A bachelor is an unmarried man |
| Antecedent | The proposition that forms the first part of a conditional statement, usually the part of the sentence that comes after "if"; e.g. in both 'if it rains then I will get wet' & 'I will get wet if it rains', the antecedent is 'it rains' |
| Arête | An 'excellence', or more specifically, a 'virtue' - a quality that aids the fulfilment of a things ergon (Aristotle) |
| Argument | A reasoned inference from one set of claims - the premises - to another claim, the conclusion |
| Argument Map | Visual diagram of how the premises of an argument relate to one another & to the conclusion |
| Assertion | The claim that a proposition is true |
| Assumption | A proposition accepted without proof or evidence as the basis for an inference or argument |
| Attitude | A mental state regarding how the world is or should be Cognitive: e.g. Belief "mind-to-world" Non-Cog: e.g. Desire "world-to-mind" |
| Begging the Question | The informal fallacy of (explicitly/implicitly) assuming the truth of the conclusion of an argument as one of the premises employed in an effort to demonstrate its truth |
| Analytical Behaviourism | A version of logical behaviourism that claims that mental concepts can be reduced to statements about behaviour |
| Logical Behaviourism | The theory that our talk about the mind can be analysed in terms of talk about behaviour |
| Methodological Behaviourism | Theory that claims that because science can only investigate what is publicly accessible, psychology is concerned only with the explanation and prediction of behaviour and NOT w/ any 'inner' mental states |
| Belief | Affirmation of, or conviction regarding, the truth of a proposition |
| Categorical Imperative | 'Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same tumuli that it should become a universal law' - Kant |
| Category Mistake | Treating a concept as belonging to a logical category that it doesn't belong to |
| Problem of Causal Interaction | Problem of explaining hw mental states or substance can interact causally w/ physical states or substance. In particular, mental causation is thought to contradict the completeness of physics |
| Character | A person's habitual dispositions regarding what they feel, how they think/react, the choices they make & actions they perform under different circumstances |
| Character Trait | An attribute that is exhibited by an individual as a matter of habit, e.g. honesty or being bad-tempered |
| Chinese Mind | A thought experiment by Block, presented as an objection to functionalism. If the population of China, using radios, duplicated the functioning of your brain, would this create conscious experiences (just as brain does)? If NOT functionalism (about consciousness) |
| Choice | What we decide upon as a result of deliberation, typically giving rise to voluntary action. Deliberate desire regarding something that is in one's power - Aristotle |
| Circular | An argument is circular if it employs its own conclusion as a premise |
| Clear & Distinct Ideas | A clear idea is 'present & accessible to the attentive mind'; a distinct idea is clear & also sharply separated from other ideas so that every part of it is clear - Descartes |
| Cognitivism | A cognitivist account of ethical language argues that moral judgements express beliefs, can be true/false & aim to describe the world. So 'lying is wrong' expresses the belief that lying is wrong & is either true/false |
| Coherent | A set of statements is coherent if the statements are consistent & increase each other's probabiliy |
| Compatibilism | The theory that the causal determination of human conduct is consistent w/ the freedom required for responsible moral agency |
| Compatible | Two properties are compatible if it is possible for something to have both at once. Two claims are compatible if they are consistent |
| Completeness of Physics | The thesis that every physical event has a sufficient cause that brings it about in accordance w/ the laws of physics |
| Fallacy of Composition | Informal fallacy of attributing some feature of the members of a collection to the collection itself, or reasoning from part to whole. E.g. Sodium & Chloride... |
| Conceivability Argument | 1) It is conceivable that the mind can exist without the body. 2) Conceivability entails possibility; so 3) It is possible that the mind can exist without the body. Therefore the mind & body are distinct substances. Zombie argument is a form of conceivability arg. for prop dualism |
| Conceivable | Capable of being imagined or grasped mentally without incoherence or contradiction |
| Concept | Any abstract notion or idea by virtue of which we apply general terms to things |
| Conclusion | A proposition whose truth has been inferred from premises |
| Conditional | A proposition that takes the form of 'if..., then...' |
| Conscience | An inner awareness, faculty, intuition or judgement that assists in distinguishing right from wrong |
| Consciousness | The subjective phenomenon of awareness of the world and/or one's mental states |
| Easy Problem of Consciousness | The problem of analysing & explaining the functions of consciousness; e.g the facts that we can consciously control our behaviour, report on our mental states & focus our attention. According to some philosophers, it is 'easy' to provide a successful analysis in phys./functional terms |
| Hard Problem of Consciousness | The problem of analysing & explaining the phenomenal properties of consciousness, what it is like to undergo conscious experiences. According to some philosophers, it is 'hard' to provide a successful analysis in pays./functional terms |
| Consequent | The proposition that forms the second part of a conditional statement, usually the part of the sentence that occurs after 'then' E.g. "if it will rain then I will get wet", the consequent is "I will get wet" |
| Act Consequentialism | The theory that actions are morally right or wrong depending on their consequences & nothing else. An act is right if it maximises what is good |
| Consistent | Two or more statements are consistent if they can both be true at the same time |
| Contingent | A proposition that could either be true/false, a state of affairs that may or may not hold, depending on how the world actually is |
| Contradiction | Two claims that cannot both be true & cannot both be false; or one claim that both asserts and denies something |
| Contradiction in Conception | In Kantian ethics, the test for whether we can will a maxim to become universal law can be failed if, although the maxim is NOT self-contradictory, we cannot rationally will it |
| Correlation | A relationship between two things whereby one always accompanies the other; e.g. the properties of size & shape are correlated. Correlation should be distinguished from identity |
| Counter-Argument | An argument that attempts to establish a conclusion that undermines another argument or the conclusion of another argument |
| Method of Finding Counterexamples | If a theory makes a general claim, such as 'all mental states are functional states', we only need to find singe instance in which this is false to show that the general claim is false & so something is wrong w/ the theory |
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