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| THE HYDROSPHERE Water on Earth | When the Earth cooled down until, around 4 billion years ago, water vapour condensed and precipitated. This created primitive seas and oceans. |
| Earth: water in three states | The mass of water that forms part of the Earth's surface is called the hydrosphere. This includes water in all three states: - Solid: Glaciers (snow and ice) - Liquid: Oceans, seas, rivers, lakes and groundwater. - Gaseous: Water vapour. Atmosphere. |
| Distribution of water on Earth | |
| Salt water | The water in seas and oceans is call salt water and has an average salinity of 35 grams of salts for every litre of water (35 g/L). |
| Fresh water | Fresh water includes water that has an average salinity lower than 35 g/L. |
| Glaciers | Glaciers arte the biggest reserves of fresh water on Earth. - Ice sheets: Continental-sized pieces of ices. Greenland or Antartic. - Valley glaciers: High mountain areas. |
| Groundwater | |
| Surface water | - Lakes and lagoons - Wetlands - Rivers - Torrents |
| Properties of water | Water is a molecule formed by the combination of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H2 O). Pure liquid water is a colourless, odourless and tasteless. At room temperature, water is liquid. |
| Changes of water | When water is heated: - Fusion: Solid to liquid. - Sublimation: Solid into gas. - Vaporisation: Liquid to gas. When water cools: - Condensation: Gas to liquid. - Inverse sublimation: Gas to solid. - Solidification: Liquid to solid. Melting point of water is 0 degrees C. Boiling point of water is 100 degrees C. |
| Other properties of water | - Density of water is lower in a solid state. - Universal solvent. - High heat capacity. - Participatees in many chemical reactions. - High adhesive capacity. - Capillarity, incompressibility and surface tension. |
| The importance of water for Living things | It's important by its high density in a liquid state, its solvent power, high heat capacity and high adhesive capacity. |
| Life under ice | Ice is less dense that liquid water. For this reason ice floats in water and life continues to exist in winter in lakes and rivers. |
| The universal solvent | Transport substances and contains disolved oxygen. |
| Thermal regulator | To heat or cool water we need to increase or decrease the temperature by many degrees. Water regules temperature. |
| Hugh adhesive capacity | The adhesive force of water molecules allows water, with the substances dissolved in it, to rise up narrow diameter tubes or vessels. |
| THE WATER CYCLE | The water cycle is the group of processes that allow water to change state and travel between the atmosphere an the Earth's surface in a cyclical movement. - The Sun allows water to change state by providing heat. The force of gravity causes precipitation, which returns to the water to the Earth's surface. |
| Graphic of the water cycle | |
| The water cycle and the atmosphere | Water is found in the atmosphere in the form of vapour. When there is a large amount of water vapour in the atmosphere, the temperature remains more constant. |
| The water cycle and the geosphere | Water changes the surface of the continental crust by participating in the shaping of relief and modifying landscapes. |
| The water cycle and the biosphere | Water is essential for living things. |
| Uses of water | Consumptive use of water is when the water we use is not returned to the water cycle. - Industrial use - Agricultural use - Domestic use Non-consumptive use of water is when the water used is returned to the water cycle without a significant alteration in its quality. |
| Water pollution | Water pollution is the alteration in the composition of water that makes it inadequate for its intende use. - Pollution from agriculture and livestock farming. - Domestic pollution (wastewater). - Industrial pollution. |
| Clean water and health | The consumption of good quality water is essential for our health. |
| Drinking water treatment | Drinking water treatment is the process by which water is treated to make it suitable for human consumption. 1.- Grilles and filters 2. Sedimentation tanks. 3. Flocculation. 4. Disinfection. |
| Wastewater treatment | Wastewater treatment is the process that eliminates toxic substances and other substances dangerous to the environment. |
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