A2 - Sociology Definitions - CIE

Frage	Antworten
Formal Education [Education]	Education that takes place within the formal setting of the school. Involves learning a specific curriculum tested through formal examiniations
Intelligence [Education]	Capacities and abilities related to demonstration of knowledge and skills.
Meritocracy [Education]	System based on equality of opportunity; those with ability and talent achieve their just rewards regardless of social characteristics
Social Democratic Theory [Education]	Political theory that advocates technocratic and meritocratic solutions to the problem of differential educational achievement.
Correspondence Principle [Education]	Neo-Marxist theory aruging that the organisation of schools closely corresponds to the organisation and demands of the workplace
Cultural Reproduction [Education]	Marxist idea that higher social classes try to reproduce their leadership and privileges by investing time, money and resources in the education of their children
Streaming [Education]	situation in which groups of children of different measured ability are taught separately in all subjects on the formal curriculum
ISA - Ideological State Apparatus [Education]	Marxist concept that aruges that institutions such as schools encourage values favourable to the interests of a ruling class in capitalist societies
Gendered Curriculum [Education]	Situation in which males and females choose or are given different subjects to study.
Educational Achievement [Education]	Narrow interpretation of this idea refers to the gaining of different levels of educational qualification
Gender Stereotyping [Education]	Practice of assigning certain traits to whole gender groups, regardless of their individual differences.
Social Class [Education] Social Mobility	individual's position in a class based system of social stratification, conventionally defined by occupation Mobility - ability to move up and down the class structure
Social Inequality	unequal and unfair distribution of resources in any system such as education. Inequality of educational opportunity refers to the way some children are treated unfairly in the education system on the basis of subjective criteria e.g class, gender, ethinicity
Social Capital [Education]	Extent to which people are connected to social networks [who you know] and how this can be used to the individual's advantage e.g Nepotism.
IQ	Specific measure of individual intelligence. A score of 100 is generally seen as average.
Ethnicity	Expression of the cultural background of grous, including factors usch as religious affiliations, residential country, cultural beliefs, traditions and customs.
Social Class	Individual's position in a class-based societal system of social stratification tyoically defined by occupation
Social Mobility	Ability to move up and/or down the class structure
Social Capital	Extent to which people are connected to social networks (who you know) and how this can act in your favour
Equality of Opportunity	Absence of discrimination within institutions such as schools
Marketisation	Process through which the supply and consumption of educational services are opened up to private and public competition
Cultural Deprivation	As a cause of educational underachievement cultural deprivation suggests a lack of important cultural resources such as parental encouragement.
Language	Communication System that in humans involves both verbal and non-verbal cues.
Deferred Gratification Immediate Gratification	Deferred: Not taking something immediately in the hope that by waiting you'll receive something better. Immediate: Taking something as soon as it's offered.
Compensatory Education	Supplementary educational programmes designed to compensate children for their deprived backgound e.g. Sure Start programmes.
Material Deprivation	(As a cause of educational achievement): deprivation of physical resources, monetary means to pursue resources etc, through factors such as poverty.
Labelling	Process and theory involving branding something, and in doing so, associating it with a specific set of social characteristics.
Positive Discrimination	Preferential treatement based on the individual's class, gender, ethnicity and so forth.
Deschooling	Alternative form of education proposed by Illich based on the abolition of formal schools.
Hidden Curriculum	Things pupils learn through the process of attending school. May be both positive and negative e.g. how to make friends, and the importance of adult authority
Informal Curriculum	The things children learn through the experience of attending school that aren't part of the formal curriculu. E.g. values about learning, behavioural norms, attitudes to authority etc.
Counter-school culture	Cultural grouping that explicityrejects the norms and values propagated through traditional types of schooling.
Peer group	Group of people around a similar age who are assumed to share similar interests
Pupil Sub-culture	groups that develop within schools around similar interests, beliefs and behaviours.
Ethnocentric Curriculum	School curriculum based on the cultural norms, values, and history of a single ethnic group. In a multicultural society, this form of curriculum will favour the largest ethnicity.
Censorship	The deliberate surpression of communication or information
Media Ownership	Economic control of a media organisation
Cross-media corporation	Private or public company that owns different types of media.
Ideology	A system of related beliefs
Hegemony	Leadership with consent (real or implied)of those who are led
Globalisation	Various processes - economic, polticial and cultural - that occur on a worldwide basis
High Culture	Idea that some cultural products are superior to others; those preferred by the well-educated elite.
Media Manipulation	Various ways in which the media attempts to influence and control how information is received and understood by audiences.
Propaganda	Selective, one-sided forms of communication designed to infleucne the attitudes of an audience towards a certain view.
Agenda Setting	Neo-Marxist concept arguing that decisions made by editors and owners about what and what not to report "set the agenda" for how the general public receives and perceives news.
Gate-keeping	Limiting access to the media.
Folk devils	people and groups singled out for attention and blame because they are seen to represent a challenge or threat to the moral order.
Media Regulation	Rules whereby goverments attempt to control areas such as media ownership and output.
Political Socialisation	The various social processes involved in teacing and learning of political ideas and practices.
Media Representation	The ways that the media portray ideas, people, and groups
Mass/Popular Culture	"culture of the masses," as opposed to the high culture of the ruling elite. Characterised as mass-produced, simple, and worthless
Stereotype	Practice of assigning particular, one-sided characteristics to whole groups, regardless of their individual differences.
Moral Panics	Heightened sense of fear of behaviour seen as a threat or challenge to the moral order in society. E.g., terrorism, riots.
Hyper-reality	Postmodern concept arguing that the media creates realities that are "more real" than they intend to represent.
Hyperdermic Syringe	Media-effects theory arguing that media messages are like drugs. Injected directly into the audiences mind, the media then effects their behaviour.
Cultural-effects model	Neo-Marxist theory. Argues that although media effects are strong in the long term, they are slow and cumulative, operating through the ability to become part of an audience's cultural background.
Audience reception	Media-effects theory based on the diea that media messages always ahve a range of possible meanings and interpretations. Some of these are intended by the sender, and others are caused by audiences reading into the product.
Hegemonic codes	Audienc shares the assumptions and interactions of the creator and reads the message in the way it's intended
Negotiated Codes	Audience broadly shares the creator's views, but they modify their interpretation in light of their own feelings and attitudes.
Oppositional Codes	An Audience is antagonistic towards the creator, rejecting or challenging the message the media puts out.
Professional codes	The values used by editors and journalists to guide their assessment of media content and presentation
Two-step flow model	normative model of media effects that argues messages flow from the media to opinion formers, who then interpret such messages for people in their social network.
Normative Model	A model of media effects arguing that they key to understanding how mass audiences respond to media messages is through a knowledge of how messages are filtered through informal, intepersonal relationships.
Uses and gratifications	Model of media effects that argues that consumers pick and choose both media and messages. The media are used by audiences to gratify their own particular uses and needs.
Deviance Amplification	Theory of deviance. Believes that a range of social interactions, especially those orchestrated through the media in terms of moral panics, have the effect of creating more serious forms of crime.
Media Sensationalism	Process through which the media attempts to increase the dramatic content of an issue
Discourse Analysis	Method of media analysis that examines how language shapes the way people think about something
Content Analysis	Research method used for the systematic analysis of media texts and communcations
Semiotics	Language/study of signs, codes, and symbols used in communication
Metanarrative	{Postmodern} A "big story" attempting to explain everything about something, or in the case of religious and scientific ones, everything about everything.
Social Solidarity RELIGION	Belief in a society that its members have things such as values, norms etc, in common
Totemism	Religious belief that an object, animal or plant is both sacred and has some form of supernatural power.
Sacred and Profane	All societies make a distinction between sacred - anything considered special or holy - and the profane - the everyday and ordinary.
Collective Conscience	Considered by Durkheim Expression of society's "collective will" that bears down on individuals, shaping their beliefs and behaviour.
Ritual	Constantly repeated aspects of religious beleif and practice, usually involving ceremony
Liberation Theology	Political philosophy arguing that the church should use its power and resources to liberate the poor from their poverty
Protestant Ethic	Philosophy based on the idea of serving God through hard work, and moral uprightness.
Civil Religions	IDeas and practices that whilst not overtly religious, perform the same function as religious organisations in a society.
Millenarian Movements	Religious movements characterised by their belief that God will intervene to create some form of collective salvation, on Earth and/or in heaven fr the chosen believers.
Cultural Transitions	Neo-Marxist conept expressing the idea of small-scale changes in the lives and positions of people within a society.
Privatised Forms of Worship	Religion that is practiced in the private rather than public sphere
Asceticism	Practice of strict self-discipline that uses abstinence and austerity for spiritual benefit
Religious consumerism	Claim that in postmodern society, religions hbehave more like businesses where customers buy into a range of beliefs, practices, etc
Spiritual Shopping	Idea that in postmodernity, religious consumers are more likely to "shop around" for a faith or religion that suits their lifestyle
Fundamentalism	Forms of belief and organisations that advocate strict observance of the "fundamental beliefs" of a religion
Atheism	Belief in no religion or that their is no deity or higher power
Church Denominations	Church: Type of religious organisation chcaracterised by its size, power, and influence over religious and secular matters Denominations: Organised sub-divisions of a major religion
Religious pluralism	Idea that people in contemporary societies have awide range of religious beleifs and organisations from which to choose, and that no religious organisation can claim a monopoly of belief and practice
Sectarian cycles	Cycles of religous conflict that lead a discriminated group to split from the main religion to form their own denomination or sect
Sect	Type of religious organisation distinguished for a membership held together by collective feelings and deprivation.
Disenchantment	Feeling of being let down by a religion or particular religious beliefs -- a weakening of faith.
Cult	Loose-knit-, individualistic type of religious/spiritual organisation that collects around a set of common themes
New Religious Movements (NRMS)	An alternative way to classify sects and cults that attempts to remove the stigma from these terms. NRM describes movements that developed in the mid 20th centurary and ressolves the theoretical confusion surrounding the similarities between sects and cults.
Rationalisation	Ideas used by poweful groups to justify and explain their domination in society
World rejecting	Type of sect whose members reject the secular world by collectively wthdrawing from contact with that world
world accommodating	type of sect that neither rejects nor promotes the secular world; the two simply co-exist
World affirming	A type of secct that offers to unlock the individual's "hidden potential" in ways that will make them more successful in the secular world.
Secularisation	Making changes to somehting so that it is not influenced by religion
Religiosity	Being religious, especially in terms of levels of belief, behaviour, and commitment
Religious beliefs	Belief in a deity or supernatural power that may have some control over people's destiny
Disengagement	Process by which poeple withdraw from religious involvement, in terms of beliefs and/or practices
Religious Diversity	Existence of different forms of religious belief, practice, and organisation in a society.
Religious Revivial	A contemporary growth in the popularity of different religions
Desacrilisastion	the process in which self and society become progressively less religious/spiritual
Agnositicism	The belief that one cannot know that God exists and therefore neither believes nor disbelieves in a deity
Cultural defence	Process whereby religious ideas and practices are used by social groups as a source of physical and psychological protection in a hostile and challenging world

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A2 - Sociology Definitions - CIE

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