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| Frage | Antworten |
| New contemporary Psychoanalysts | Drew Westen: no longer write about ids, superegos, repressed sexuality |
| 5 Drew Westen's definition of Psychoanalysis | 1. unconscious plays a major role 2. Bhav reflects conflicts in mental processes: emotion, motivation, thoughts 3. Childhood important in personality deve. 4. Mental representations of self & others guide interactions 5. Personality deve. has to do w/ immature or socially dependent ways of Bhav |
| false memories Loftus | not all recovered memories should be viewed as false or true, instead being aware of what creates false memories and how they are constructed |
| Major Problems leading to false memories | 1) leading questions 2) suggestions interviewers 3) interpretative of symptoms as signs of trauma 4) hypnosis 5) authority pressuring 6) dream interpretations |
| imagination inflation effect | a memory is elaborated through imagination, confusing the person w/ real and fake events |
| misinformation effect | in a lab giving a person misinfo. instilled by exposing subject to questions |
| confirmatory bias | tendency to look only for evidence that confirms their previous hunch & not look for evidence that might dis-confirm their beliefs; to oppose this must gain valid facts |
| spreading activation Roediger & McDermott | model of memory, mental elements are stored in memory along w/ association to other elements in memory |
| constructive memory | memory contributes to or influences in various ways what is recalled, memory is fallible and open to error |
| cognitive unconscious | readily acknowledge that info can get into our memories w/out ever being aware of info. |
| motivated unconscious | idea of info. that is unconscious can actually motivate or influence subsequent Bhav. |
| subliminal perception | perceptions that bypasses conscious awareness, usually achieved through very brief exposure times, typically less than 30 milliseconds |
| priming | makes associated material more accessible to conscious awareness than is material that is not primed |
| id psychology | Freudian psychoanalysis, sex and aggression |
| ego psychology | Erik Erikson's, ego is involved in mastering environment, achieving ones goals, establishing identity |
| identity crisis Eriksons | desperation & confusion a person feels when he or she has not developed a strong sense of Identity |
| eight stages of development | argument that personality develops through the whole lifespan of a person, dividing into 8 major stages |
| psychosocial conflict | crisis's that develop personality are inherently social rather then psychosexual conflicts |
| stage model of development | ppl go through stages in certain order and that there is specific issue that characterize each stage |
| developmental crisis | each stage contains a conflict that can be resolved |
| personality development erikson | maintained the notion that if a crisis was not successful & adaptively resolved, person would become fixated on this stage |
| Stage 1 Trust vs Mistrust | children need there basic needs met, will develop a sense of trust in caregivers, initiating basis for future relationships; or lifelong feeling of estrangement, social discomfort, isolation, suspicion |
| Stage 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt | when a child feels a sense of control and mastery over things, develops self-confidence & autonomy; if parents are restricting may feel shame and doubt over goals |
| Initiative vs Guilt | through play, imitation begin to gain sense of initiative, ambition, goal seeking; or reinforced to failure/ not seeking goals |
| Industry vs Inferiority | competition creating an idea of success, achievement, desire to do things; or sense of inferiority don't have talent/ ability to get ahead in life |
| Identity vs Role confusion | identity achievement is main goal of this stage, very important, experimentation of all aspects of life: identity confusion |
| Identity confusion | not having a strong sense of self |
| negative identity | resolving crisis can lead to an identity founded on undesirable social roles |
| Identity foreclosure | identity must be achieved committing self to one identity, if a person does not have a crisis/ forms ID w/out exploring: usually moralistic, conventional cannot provide rationale for beliefs |
| Moratorium | taking time to explore options before making a commitment to ID, ex. college students exploring options, need to shop around for an suitable career/ ID |
| Intimacy vs Isolation | need to develop rela, mutual satisfying/ intimate: ppl grow emo., caring, nurturing, supporting one another, form to commit to marriage; isolation is failure to find or maintain intimacy, seriously impair happiness & satisfaction |
| Generativity Vs Stagnation | generating something that a person truly care about: career, family, activity; not caring, going through motions of life w/out passion |
| Integrity vs. Despair | retiring causing w/drawal while looking at life & whether there is satisfaction from it leading to integrity; regret at the end of life causing bitterness, wanting to change the past |
| Karen Horney social power | idea that male penis is symbol of power rather then an organ women desired, women desire social power |
| Karen Horney believed | an individuals personality should be seen from culture/ history of ppl |
| Karen Horney fear of success | highlight gender differences in response to competition & achievement situations; W= lose close friends when successful, M= gain friends if successful |
| self-serving basis | consider ourselves worthwhile, like ourselves and others; tendency for ppl to take credit for successes yet deny responsibility of failure |
| narcissistic pardox | a narcissist appears to be in high self-esteem; actually doubts self-worth, needs consistence reassurance, may become violent if blow to ego |
| Object relation theory | emphasizes social relationships and origins in childhood to develop personality |
| Object relation theory assumptions | 1) internal wishes, desires, urges of child are not as important as developing relationships w/ significant others 2) mother becomes internalized by child in form of mental object, creating ability to relate to object |
| Harlow monkey experiment attachment | b/w infant & primary caregiver required physical contact w/ warm & responsive mother & vitally important to development |
| separation anxiety | react negatively to separation & become agitated & distressed when mother leaves |
| strange situation procedure | a procedure used for ID diff. among children in how react to separation |
| 3 types of attachment | 1) securely attached - patiently waiting 2) avoidantly attached - 20% aloof to mothers 3) ambivalently attached - crying & protesting leave of mother |
| working models | internalized in form of unconscious expectations about rela. |
| 3 adult relationship attachment styles Hazen & Shaver | 1) secure rela. style:few problems deve. satisfying friends/ relas. 2) avoidant rela style: difficultly in trusting other, anticipate worst outcomes 3) ambivalent rela. style: vulnerability & uncertainty about rela., dependent & demanding |
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