6843135
Beschreibung
Karteikarten von Hannah McDonald, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Hannah McDonald
vor etwa 8 Jahre
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| Frage | Antworten |
| Cell Theory | 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organisation in living organisms 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells |
| Prokaryote | A simple cell with features including no nucleus, no membrane organelle and 70s ribosomes e.g. bacterial cells. Size 0.5-1 microns. 1 micron = 1000 microns |
| Eukaryote | A more complex cell including features such as a nucleus, membrane bound organelles and 80s ribosomes e.g. animal, plant, fungi cells size 10-100 microns |
| Organelle | Sub-cellular structure |
| Cytosol | Fluid part of the cell where some chemical reasons occur |
| Plasma cell membrane | It regulates the inputs and outputs of the cell |
| Nucleus | Contains DNA as linear chromosomes and controls the cells activities by coding proteins |
| Ribosomes | Site of protein synthesis |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Synthesis and transport of lipids and carbohydrates around the cell |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Folds and transports proteins to the golgi apparatus |
| Golgi apparatus/body | Final modification and packaging of proteins into secretory vesicle |
| Secretory Vesicle | Transport and packaging of protein for secretion by exocytosis |
| Lysosomes | Contain digestive enzymes for the destruction of unwanted cellular material |
| Mitochondria | Site of aerobic cellular respiration Synthesis ATP |
| Chloroplasts | Site of photosynthesis |
| Permanent Vacuole | Storage of cell sap- water containing dissolved sugars and salts Provides support to maintain turgidity of the cell |
| Cell Wall | The cell wall provides support to the cell Made from cellulose implants. It is fully permeable |
| Mitosis | The process by which a somatic cell divides producing two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell |
| Cytokinesis | At the end of mitosis, when two new nuclei have formed. this is when the parent cell divides into two daughter cells Division of cytoplasm |
| Interphase | Main part of the cell cycle made up of G1,S and G2 phases |
| G1 Phase | Growth phase of a normal functioning cell (Gap 1) |
| S Phase | DNA is replicated in the cell (synthesis) |
| G2 Phase | Cell prepares for mitosis (Gap 2) |
| Prophase | -The chromosomes condense -The centrosome start moving towards the poles of the cell releasing spindle fibres - The nuclear envelope begins to break down |
| Metaphase | -The chromosomes line up across cells equator -Spindle fibres from the centrosomes join t the centromere |
| Anaphase | -The sister chromatids are pullers apart towards opposite poles of the cell |
| Telophase | -The two sets of chromosomes at each end of the cells are then enclosed in a new nuclear envelope -The cell membrane begins to pinch in two (animals) or a cell plate forms in plants |
| Chromosome | A thread like structure consisting of DNA and protein which is visible in cells during mitosis |
| DNA | Deoxyribose nucleic acid - chemical chromosomes are made from |
| Gene | A section of a chromosome that codes for a protein |
| Chromatid | When a chromosome doubles it has two strands held together by a centromere. Each of the strands is called a chromatid (together sister chromatids) |
| Centromere | The part of the chromosome that links sister chromatids (remember 'm' -middle of chromosome) |
| Centrosome | Forms spindle fibres for nuclear division (remember 's' - spindle) |
| Centriole | Tubular structure used to make centrosomes Centrosomes have 2 centrioles at right angles. made of microtubules Animal cells only |
| Meiosis | Create 4 daughter cells containing half the genetic information i.e. gametes |
| Gametes | Sex cells - e.g. in humans > spermatozoa and ova in plants > pollen and ova |
| Parent cells | The cell at the beginning of mitosis and meiosis |
| Daughter cell | Formed from the parent cell- 2 are formed in mitosis and 4 in meiosis |
| Haploid | Contains one set of chromosomes. Represented as n |
| Diploid | Contains pairs of chromosomes. Represented as 2n |
| Eukaryote vs Prokaryote | Eukaryotes have a nucleus whereas the prokaryote does not. Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles where prokaryotes do not Eukaryotes have 80 ribosomes and prokaryotes have 70s ribosomes Eukaryotes are linear DNA Prokaryotes have have singular circular DNA |
| Plant Cells vs Animal Cells | Animal cells: small temporary vacuoles or none, no chloroplast, no cell wall Plant cells: large permanent vacuole, rigid cell wall, chloroplast |
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