issues and debates

Frage	Antworten
Androcentrism	Male bias - men's behaviour is the standard against which womens behaviour is compared.
Estrocentrism	Female behaviour is seen as the norm
Tavris 1993	Most cultures take male behaviour as standard therfore women make the decision to behave like men or be different.
Alpha bias	the attempt to exaggerate the differences between the genders.
Beta bias	the attempt to downplay the differences between the genders.
Lee and Harley 2012	Women have a slightly different reaction and are more likely to 'tend and befriend' in stressful situations
Reductionism	an explanation is reductionist when a single explanation or cause is suggested. Explaining behaviour by cutting theories down to some basic principles.
Holism	The argument that behaviour should be viewed as a whole. Behaviour as a product of different influences which all interact.
Social sensitivity	Any psychological research that has wider ethical implications.
Brehm 1992	Some topics could not be studied due to their potentially sensitive nature and if they have the potential to cause issues with their participants.
Nativism	Nature side of the debate
Empiricism	Nurture side of the debate
QTL method, Plomin 1994	The search for mutiple genes to influence behaviour
Heritability equation	V = G + E + (G X E)
Gottesman 1963	Suggested we all have a reaction range, with genetic potential for characteristics. The environment determines how much this potential is fulfilled.
Free will	People are able to choose how we behave, our actions are voluntary with no restraints.
Soft determinism	Behaviour is determined but we also have the opportunity to excerise free will.
Hard determinism	Human behaviour is determined by external forces and actions are out of our control.
Ethnocentrism	The assumption one ethnic group is superior to another or all others and the behaviour of that group is the 'norm'.
The macrosystem	The culture a child grows up in, researchers have their own macrosystem which can bias how they see the world, this can affect their objectivity as a researcher.
Cultural relativism	The belief that it is essential to consider the cultural context when examining behaviour in that culture.
Smith & Bond 1988	Argued perfect cross-cultural replications are impossible because procedure will have different meanings to people in different cultures, lacking validity.
Idiographic	Emphasis is on the self and argues generalising is difficult because of their uniqueness.
Nomothetic	Explanations are generalisable to groups establishes general laws about behaviour.

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