Forensic psych

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Official Statistics	Figures based on the numbers of crimes that are reported and recorded by the police which are often used by the government to inform crime prevention strategies.
A victim survey or a victimisation survey.	A questionnaire that asks a sample of people which crimes have been committed against them over a fixed period of time and whether or not they have been reported to the police.
Offender survey	A self report that requires people to record the number and types of crime they have committed over a specified period of time.
Offender profiling (criminal profiling)	A behavioural and analytical tool that is intended to help investigators accurately predict and profile the characteristics of unknown criminals.
The top-down approach (US Model)	Profilers start with a pre-stablished typology/template to work down in order to assign offenders to one of two categories (organised/disorganised based on witness accounts and evidence from the crime scene.
Organised Offender	An offender who shows evidence of planning, targets the victim and is socially and sexually competent with higher than average intelligence.
Disorganised Offender	An offender who shows evidence of little planning leaves clues and tends to be socially and sexually incompetent with lower than average intelligence.
The bottom-up approach (UK Model)	Profilers work up from evidence collected from the crime scene to develop hypotheses about the likely characteristics, motivations and social background of the offender.
Investigative Psychology	A form of bottom up profiling that matches details from the crime scene with statistical analysis of typical offender behaviour patterns based on psychological theory.
Geographical Profiling	A form of bottom-up profiling based on based on the principle of spacial consistency: that an offenders operational base and possible future offenses are revealed by the geographical location of their previous crimes.
Atavistic Form (Lombroso)	A biological approach to criminal offending that suggests that criminals can be distinguished from the rest of society due to their 'genetic throwbacks'. (sloping forehead, strong jaw, high cheek bones, dark skin and extra body parts-toes, nipples.)
Define eugenic	a science that deals with the improvement (as by control of human mating) of hereditary qualities of a race or breed. (intelligence, good looks) can be through sterilisation. Nazi's example with Jews.
Eysenck's theory of criminal behaviour (psychological but has biological basis.)	Created a questionnaire that was believed to be able to determine if you have a criminal personality if you scored highly under the terms-extroversion, neuroticism and psychoticism. Criminal personality= individual not easily conditioned, cold unfeeling, likely to engage in offending behaviour.
(Cognitive explanations for offending) Kohlberg's theory	Applied moral reasoning (whether something is right/wrong) to criminal behaviour. Cognitive distortions: Faulty, bias irrational ways of thinking = seeing us, the world and others inaccurately and negatively. Hostile attribution bias: tendency to judge ambiguous situations/actions of others as aggressive when may not be. Minimalisation: downplaying significance of emotion/situation (e.g. guilt)
Neural Explanations	Any explanation in terms of functions/dysfunctions of the brain and nervous system. This includes the brains structures and neurotransmitters.
Sutherland's Differential association theory	Sutherland argued that, through interaction with others, individuals learn the attitudes, behaviours, techniques and motives of criminal behaviour. This theory suggests that we will be able to mathematically predict how likely it is for an individual to commit crime if we were to have the knowledge of the frequency, intensity and duration the individual was exposed to the deviant behaviour.
-Custodial sentencing -Deterrence	-serving time in prison (incarceration) or can be put in psychiatric hospitals, therapeutic/educational institution. -(general deterrence aims to give a broad message to society to prevent crime, (individual deterrence should prevent crime of an individual.
-Recidivism -Retribution	-Reoffending- tendency to relapse into previous condition, behaviour (criminal commits crimes repeatedly. -Society enacting revenge for the crime (usually prison) consequence should be proportionate to crime.
-Rehabilitation	-The idea that offenders should come out of prison fit for society (e.g. other come addiction) includes reflection on crime, treatment.
-Psychological factors of custodial sentencing	-Stress -Depression suicide rate higher in prison. -Institutionalisation-become so adapted to prison life can't function on the outside. - Prisonisation- can develop an 'inmate code' behaviour deemed unacceptable for the outside world that may be acceptable/encourage in prison.
Behaviour modification	Behaviourist approach to treatment, based on operant conditioning to replace undesirable behaviour with more desirable ones through the use of of positive and negative reinforcement. Token economy is an example of this as it reinforces desirable behaviour. Prisoners given tokens for good behaviour-clean cells, avoiding conflict.
Anger management (a form of CBT)	In behaviourist terms, becoming anger is reinforced with the feeling of being in control. CBT used to help individual recognise these sign so can develop techniques for conflict-resolution without violence.
Stages of Anger Management.	Cognitive preparation-offender reflect on past experience, recognise typical behaviour pattern and triggers to their anger and to see their their behaviour is irrational. Skill acquisition- introduced to a range of techniques and coping mechanisms to deal with anger-provoking situations. Application practice- role play of offender and therapist re-enacting past experiences, needs some realism in order to word so commitment is needed. Positive reinforcement from therapist if offender is successful.
Restorative justice	A system for dealing with criminal behaviour through rehabilitation of offender through reconciliation with victim. serves to empower victim by giving them a voice.
Problems in defining crime.	Cultural issues-What is considered a crime in one culture may not be in another(laws in marriage) Historical issues- Definitions of crime change over time (laws on homosexuality)
Ways of measuring crime	Official statistics-Records of reported and recorded crimes published by Home Office. Victim surveys-Record their experience of crime within a fixed time period. Offender Surveys-Offenders disclose details of crimes they have committed.
Evaluation of defining and measuring crime	Official statistics-Underestimates 'dark figure crime' = the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime. Vicitim survey- More likely to include unreported/unrecorded crime. Problem- telescoping= the distortion of when the event happened. Offender survery-Gives us insight into criminal numbers for certain crimes. Problem-Some crimes over or under represented
What is used in the Top Down Approach?	Offender profiling- To narrow down the list of suspects and generate hypotheses about the likely offender Finish p348

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