Group Psychology

Frage	Antworten
groups can have good and bad qualities	good = coordinated knowledge, norms of behavior bad = intragroup competition, conformity, diffusion of responsibility, intergroup prejudice
coordinated knowledge	"distributed know-how"; individuals can accumulate knowledge through specialized functions and coordinate it across large groups/drive it forward through large groups; thus the knowledge of these groups is higher than the knowledge of individuals
norms	customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture
norm of fairness	judgments/decisions should be free from discrimination; when norm of fairness is violated, we are willing to take a loss to punish the cheater. this tendency is advantageous as a group because unfair people will then be more likely to be fair in the future and thus benefit others
ultimatum game	demonstrates norm of fairness; player offers to split money with another person. if that person accepts the offer, then both get money. if that person rejects offer, neither gets money.
norm of reciprocity	tendency to benefit those who benefit us
door in the face technique	making a large request and following its refusal with a concession that invokes the norm of reciprocity (our concession invokes their concession for compliance)
foot in the door technique	persuader begins with small request and gradually increases demands of each request; works on the principle of consistency: as long as the request in consistent with or similar in nature to the original small request, the technique will work.
Culture of Honor: Do people get more or less aggressive based off where we come from?	when norm of politeness is violated, southern gentlemen undergo a more massive increase in testosterone than northern gentlemen do
intragroup competition	Situation can lead us as humans down troubling path; Harshest competition within a group, and it is hard to determine who will be cheat on you in larger groups (though cheater detection is easier in social contexts)
conformity	aspects of conformity include: going along with the crowd obedience to authority conformity to expected roles
Asch's conformity study	showed tendency of people to go along with the crowd; group of people asked to say which line is longest... everyone answers incorrectly, participant will also answer incorrectly
MIlgram's obedience study	researched how far people would go in obeying an instruction if it involved harming another person; teacher would apply increasingly higher voltage shocks to learner every time a mistake was made; surprising number of people continued to highest voltage
Stanford Prison Experiment	study by Zimbardo; showed conformity to expected roles; college students divided into prisoners and guards; guards start abusing prisoners, way into their roles; experiment had to be stopped
criticism of the Stanford Prison Experiment	Conformity: Conformity to expected roles The Stanford Prison Experiment • Selection bias? “An experiment on prison life” • Experimenter bias? Zimbardo as “warden” • Generalizability? N = 24 • Individual differences? Who did what, exactly? • The stats: “most”, “many”, etc…
diffusion of responsibiltiy	sociopsychological phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present.
Kitty Genovese case	38 individuals heard assault of Kitty as it was occurring, no one called for help until an hour because they assumed someone else would call the police
bystander effect	social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present
mob size and level of atrocity	bigger mob groups will do more atrocious things
intergroup prejudice	How do we develop representations of different groups
Bertrand and Mullainathan study	Field study: Send resumes to real job openings; vary race via candidate name (white/black); Black names get lower call backs than white names (no benefit with higher quality applications)
Correll, et. al. study	Pictures of White/black person with gun/no gun; had to decide whether or not to shoot; more likely to shoot black guy when unjustified
Implicit Association Test	studies unconscious nature of assessments of self and others; feelings and knowledge (often unintended) about social group membership developed by Mahzarin Banaji
Critique of IAT	Hard to distinguish between unconscious bias and knowledge of unconscious stereotype (thinking white is good vs thinking that others think white is good); at population level, track biases for intergroup prejudice
minimal groups	a method for investigating the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups; Klee vs Kadinsky: people put into groups depending on which artist's paintings they preferred, saw an influence on behavior; people favored own group
Robbers Cave experiment	to study intergroup conflict and cooperation; divided boys into groups at a camp, groups formed intense rivalries/group tension, facilitated cooperation between these groups through superordinate goals that neither group could accomplish on their own
Banality of evil	evil is not special, exists in all of us; all of us have capacity for good and bad; best defense against is to arm ourselves with knowledge of how it occurs
steven pinker	intergroup violence has decreased because of increased communication, etc.
personality	individual's characteristic style of thought, feeling, and action
power of the situation	environment can have marked effect on how we behave; hard to study person in isolation; we behave differently in different situations; (The power of the situation doesn’t mean that situations are the only source of variation in behavior; but situation accounts for more variance than we naturally infer (Fundamental attribution error))
problems with measuring personality	Split into two: How do humans as a group function? (can’t distinguish between individuals) How do individuals function? (arduous undertaking, too much effort to consider everyone)
ways to measure personality	types themes traits
Galen's Humours	4 humours (yellow bile, blood, black bile, phlegm) in perfect balance --> normal behavior; out of balance –-> abnormal traits
Forer effect	people tend to accept generalized descriptions of their personalities without realizing the same evaluation could apply to nearly anyone else
problems with measure types	How many types are there? Why should body size or birth date affect one’s personality?
theme	Personality formed by needs/desires operating outside of awareness; Psychoanalytics theory – personality is id and superego fighting, controlled by ego Rorschach ink blot – descriptions of ink blots give view of latent themes in personality
problems of measuring themes	Observer bias (clinician funnels responses through existing framework) Validity (bias in how you draw a pic of father, making them look angry but you don’t actually feel that way??)
trait	Relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way; trait may be a pre-existing disposition that causes the behavior (personality inventories), or the motivation that guides the behavior (projective tests).
dimension	Same substance divided up on continuous measure; more powerful in terms of personality
5 basic dimensions of personality	openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism
openness	a person's orientation towards novelty, change, and uncertainty
conscientiousness	extent to which person is organized, focused, and persistent in pursuit of his or her goals
extraversion	level of arousal and preference for stimulation
agreeableness	person's orientation toward and style of interacting with others
neuroticism	propensity to experience negative emotions
problems with measuring traits	Reactivity (subject bias = respond in a way that reflects your idealized self) Lack of insight = how do you know if you’re being accurate and not biased; are your perceptions of your own personality accurate?
From where do individual differences arise?	- Research has benefitted from studying twins (monozygotic/identical and dizygotic/fraternal); more correlation for monozygotic twins in personality traits; genetics only accounting for about 36% of personality - Birth order plays a role in personality
general intelligence	general ability to solve problems
tests	Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Raven’s progressive matrices: fill in missing pattern based off pattern you see
Flynn effect	IQ has been increasing over the generations; 10-20 years, see 10 point increase in IQ why??? ♣ Better diets, better exposure to information ♣ Perhaps people are being exposed to questions, leading to artificial inflation of IQ
Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences	linguistic = facility with words and languages; logical-mathematical= reason, etc. ; music = sensitivity to sounds/rhythms; bodily-kinesthetic = how coordinated are you; spatial = visualizing things in mind; emotional = working and reading others; intrapersonal = how well do u know yourself!! fits well with modular view; modules each dedicated to a component of intelligence

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	Erstellt von Sneha Mittal vor fast 8 Jahre