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Karteikarten von Ashleigh Gildroy, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Ashleigh Gildroy
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| Frage | Antworten |
| Psychology | Memory: Type of Memory |
| List the three types of Memory | 1) Sensory Register 2) Short-Term Memory 3) Long-Term Memory |
| What is the Sensory Register? | * Temporarily stores information from our senses, constantly receiving information from around us * If we don't pay attention to it, it disappears quickly through spontaneous decay (Fades) *Limited capacity, limited duration * Information is coded depending on sense that picked it up |
| What is Short-Term Memory? | *Limited capacity * Limited duration * Coding is often acoustic (Sound) |
| What is Long-Term Memory? | *Unlimited capacity, coding is usually semantic |
| What are the different types of Long-Term Memory? | 1) Semantic = Stores knowledge and facts that we have learnt and can consciously recall (Declarative) 2) Episodic = information about events you've experienced, declarative 3) Procedural = Knowledge of how to do things, can't be consciously recalled |
| Can you provide an example of each type of Long-Term Memory? | Semantic = London is the capital of England Episodic = Leeds Festival Procedural = Walking |
| What type of Long Term Memory is this? | Procedural = How to ride a bike |
| What type of Long Term Memory is this? | Semantic Memory |
| Which one of three looks at the duration of the sensory register a) Bahrick et al b) Peterson and Peterson c) Sperling | c) Sperling |
| What time of experiment was Sperling's Sensory Register experiment | Laboratory |
| What was the method in Sperling's experiment? | Participants were shown a grid with three rows of four letters for 50 milliseconds and had to recall either the whole grid or a specific row indicated by a certain tone (high, low and medium) |
| What did Sperling find? | When participants had to recall the entire grid, only 4-5 letters were recalled (on average). When a particular row was indicated, participants could only recall three letters (on average) |
| What did Sperling conclude? | Considering participants were able to recall three items from any row, it could imply that the participants remembered the entire grid. However, this memory faded. Overall, Sperling's study suggests that there is limited duration in the sensory register. |
| How could we criticise Sperling's study? | It lacks ecological validity as it is a laboratory experiment, implying those activities that go on within the lab may not coordinate with those we do out of a lab. |
| Provide a strength of Sperling's study? | The fact that Sperling's study was a lab experiment raises the reliability of his results dramatically. Within a lab, psychologists are able to control extraneous variables with more ease than in a natural experiment. This means that Sperling's results can be easily replicated |
| Which type of memory did Peterson and Peterson study? | The Short Term Memory |
| What are nonsense triagrams? | 3 random consonants (Eg - DPV) |
| What was the aim of Peterson and Peterson's study? | To investigate the duration of the Short Term Memory (STM) |
| How did Peterson and Peterson investigate the duration of the Short Term Memory | Participants were shown nonsense trigrams and asked to recall them after either 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 or 18 seconds. During the pause, they were asked to count backwards in threes from a given number. This was an interference task to prevent them from repeating the letters internally |
| What did Peterson & Peterson find in their study? | After 3 seconds, participants could recall 80% of the trigrams accurately After 1 seconds, participants could recall 10% of the trigrams accurately |
| What was the conclusion to Peterson & Peterson's study? | When rehearsal is prevented, very little can stay in the STM for longer than 18 seconds, implying that the duration is limited. |
| Why are Peterson & Peterson's results likely to be reliable? | They're likely to be reliable as they were found within laboratory conditions. Due to it being a lab experiment, extraneous variables were more efficiently controlled than if it were a natural experiment. Thus making the results easier to replicate |
| Why does Peterson & Peterson lack in ecological validity? | The study is held in a lab and nonsense trigrams are very artificial. If the study was kept in a natural environment using day-to-day objects, the results may have differed. |
| What was a big problem with Peterson & Peterson's study? | They showed participants many different trigrams. This could've definitely led to confusion and distorting past trigrams with the current one, making their results somewhat less reliable. |
| Name the psychologist(s) who studies the duration of the LTM | Bahrick et al |
| What was the method in his study? Mention the words "free-recall test", "photo-recognition test" and "name-recognition test" | He asked 392 to list the names of their old classmates (free-recall test). Then he asked to recall the names of old classmates in pictures (photo-recognition test) or they were given names and asked to match the name to the individual in the photo (name-recognition test). |
| What did Bahrick et al find in his study? | 15 year (After leaving school) = individuals could recall around 90% of names and faces. They were 60% accurate on the free recall test. 30 years = Free recall had declined to about 30% accuracy 45 years = 80% accurate, and photo-recognition was 40% accurate |
| What did Bahrick et al conclude from their findings? | The study is evidence of long-term memories in a natural setting. Recognition was better than recall, so there may be a huge store of information, but it's not always easy to access. However, one can conclude, that Long-Term Memory can have an unlimited duration |
| What is the key criticism with Bahrick's findings? | He chose to conduct a field experiment, which makes variables harder to control. For example, many individuals may be close friends with people from their school after the 45 years. Thus making information less reliable as it is difficult to determine whether the information was recalled. |
| What is good about Bahrick's choice of experiment? | He chose to use a field experiment, which uses more natural settings or natural objects. This raises the ecological validity and it is a more realistic study of the participants. |
| How did Bahrick's results compare with others who investigated the long-term memory? | His results showed better recall. However, this may because in his study they looked at the more meaningful information. |
| List the three psychologists who studied the duration of Memory | 1) Sperling 2) Peterson & Peterson 3) Bahrick et al |
| List the two psychologists who studied the capacity of memory | 1) Jacobs 2) Miller |
| Which type of memory did Jacobs study? | STM |
| What was the method of Jacobs study? | Participants were presented with a string of letters or digits. They were asked to repeat them back in the same order. The number of digits or letters increased until the participant failed to recall the sequence correctly. |
| Show an example of Jacobs study | AGI MNTY PUTRE BRKFSU QLGCIHT TNAJIQWHD |
| What did Jacobs find in his study of the capacity of short-term memory | Participants recalled about 9 digits and 7 letters. The capacity increased with age during childhood |
| What were Jacobs findings? | Jacobs concluded that STM has a limited storage capacity of 5-9 items. Individual differences were found, such as STM increasing with age. Possibly due to the use of memory techniques such as chunking (AG-HD-ML). Digits may have been easier to recall as there were only 10 digits, compared to 26 letters. |
| Why is Jacobs study criticized for lacking artificial validity? | Jacobs choice of the method involved activities that we would probably not do in a natural environment. This means the study lacks ecological validity as it is not realistic. If Jacobs used meaningful information on the participants, results may have differed. |
| Outline a strength with Jacobs study | Hence it being a lab experiment, extraneous variables were highly controlled, making his results easy to replicate |
| What did Miller contribute to memory? | Miller looked at research into the capacity of the STM. He found that people can remember about seven items. (Millers magic number - seven, plus or minus two) He suggested that we use a memory technique called chunking to combine individual letters or numbers into larger more meaningful units |
| Provide an example of chunking | ASINTVON AS-IN-TV-ON |
| Who looks into the coding of both the STM and LTM? | Baddeley |
| Give examples of words which are acoustically similar | Man, Mad, Mat |
| Give examples of words which are semantically similar | Tiny, Small, Little |
| Give examples of words which are acoustically dissimilar | Peach, Hair, stick |
| Give examples of words which are semantically dissimilar | Big, Quiet, Angry |
| What was the procedure of Baddeley's study? | Participants were given four sets of words. They were either... acoustically similar acoustically dissimilar semantically similar semantically dissimilar. They were asked to recall the words immediately or following a 20-minute task |
| What type of group design was it? | Independent group design |
| What did Baddeley find? | Those who had to recall the word list immediately had trouble recalling the acoustically similar words. However, those who had to recall after the 20-minute task had trouble recalling the semantically similar word list. |
| What was the conclusion to Baddeley's study? | In STM, the coding is generally acoustic In LTM, the coding is generally semantic |
| Comment of Baddeley's lack of ecological validity | This is not someone we'd ordinarily do in a natural setting, so it lacks ecological validity. |
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