The Endocrine System

Frage	Antworten
What is Endocrine Communication?	The activity of hormones coordinating cellular activities in distant parts of the body
What is Paracrine Communication?	The use of messengers to transfer info from one cell to another within a single tissue.
What are Growth Factors giving examples?	proteins that promote growth and cell division in specific organs. Epidermal growth factor = Skin Nerve growth factor = Neurons Insulin-like growth factor = Bone
What is the Function of Bradykinin & Nitric Oxide?	Promotes vasodilation
What is the Function of Endothelin?	Promotes Vasoconstriction.
What are Prostaglandins?	A diverse group of fatty acids that are produced in almost every organ. They have a variety of functions including: Smooth muscle contraction, lung function, labour and inflammation
What are the three classes of Hormones?	Amino acid derivatives Peptide hormones Lipid derivatives
Examples of Amino Acid Derivatives.	Catecholamines Thyroid hormones Melatonin
Examples of Peptide and Protein Hormones.	Glycoproteins Short polypeptide chains and small proteins
An example of Lipid Derivatives.	Steroid hormones
Describe the Action of Lipophilic Hormones	They Circulate in the blood bound to transport proteins. They dissociate from their carrier at target cells. They pass through the cell membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor, either in the cytoplasm or the nucleus A hormone-receptor complex binds to hormone response elements in DNA which regulates gene expression.
Describe the Action of Hydrophilic Hormones.	Hydrophilic hormones include the peptide, protein and catecholamine hormones that are too large or polar to cross cell membrane. Hormones bind to membrane receptors leading to the activation of internal messengers.
Two hormones are produced by the Posterior Pituitary. What are they?	Vasopressin (ADH) and Oxytonin.
What is the ADH Hormone?	A peptide hormone that stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney, and thus inhibits diuresis (urine production).
Give three examples of tropic hormones.	Adrenocorticotropic hormone Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Growth hormone Prolactin Thyroid-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone
Describe the method of action for thyroid hormones.	Thyroid hormones enter target cells by means of an energy dependent transport system and affect almost every cell in the body. They bind to receptors in the cytoplasm, on the surfaces of mitochondria and the nucleus They regulate carbohydrate & lipid metabolism hypothyroidism results in low production of thyroxine, reduced metabolism and serious weight gain. Hyperthyroidism the opposite.
What are the parathyroid glands?	The parathyroid glands are four small glands attached to the thyroid. They produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to falling levels of Ca2+ in blood which stimulates osteoclasts to dissolve calcium phosphate crystals in the bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood -They also stimulate the kidneys to reabsorb Ca2+ from the urine
The Adrenal Glands	The adrenal glands are located just above each kidney.
Which two hormones does the medulla secrete?	Adrenaline and Noradrenaline
What hormones does the cortex of the medulla secrete?	The cortex secretes steroid hormones called corticosteroids. Glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) maintain glucose homeostasis and modulate some aspects of the immune response (show anti-inflammatory effects). Mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone) regulate mineral balance by stimulating the kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and excrete K+.
The Pancreas	The pancreas is located adjacent to stomach, connected to the duodenum of the small intestine by the pancreatic duct.
The Pineal	The pineal gland is located in the roof of the third ventricle of the brain. It functions as an endocrine gland by secreting the hormone melatonin.
Atrial natriuretic hormone	Is secreted by the right atrium of the heart and promotes salt and water excretion.
Erythropoietin	Is secreted by the kidney and stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.

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