Famous Studies

Frage	Antworten
Harry Harlow: Theory	Universal need for contact (Attachment Theory)
Harry Harlow: Experiment	Maternal deprivation of monkeys - placed in a cage with two surrogate "mothers." - One made of wire with a feeding bottle. - One made of cloth --> no feeding bottle. - In a 24 hour period, the monkey only left the cloth mother to feed on the wire mother's bottle.
Harry Harlow: Outcome	Attachment Theory "Contact Comfort" - the emotional relationship an infant has with his or her mother from being in physical contact with her.
Albert Bandura: Theory	The findings of the Bobo doll prove the social learning theory: children lean social behavior through the process of observation learning - this is through watching the behavior of another person.
Albert Bandura: Experiment/Outcome	Two models Aggressive Model: kids who had an aggressive role model had more of an aggressive response compared to those who had the non-aggressive model. Non-Aggressive Model: only showed some aggressive behavior - far less than the aggressive role model group.
Albert Bandura: Take-Away	Since kids are easily influenced by the adults in their life, they will consider acting the same way the adult did in that situation. Monkey-See, Monkey-Do.
Solomon Asch: Theory	Compliance: matching the beliefs of the norm. Normative conformity: siding with majority in order to stick in
Solomon Asch: Experiment	- Group of seven people (six knew it was an experiment) - Goal: decide on which line most closely resembled the original - The six answered incorrectly on purpose.
Solomon Asch: Outcome	32% of participants conformed
David Rosenhan: Theory	Wanted to verify the most updated form of a diagnostic procedure called the DSM.
David Rosenhan: Experiment	- Brought a group of healthy men and women to a hospital and faked symptoms of auditory hallucinations of the words "Empty, dull, (and) thud." - Doctors diagnosed 7 with schizophrenia and 1 with bipolar illness. - The stays at the hospital ranged from 7-52 days. - They acted normally once admitted, despite the minimal contact between patients and staff.
David Rosenhan: Outcome	- Psychiatrists cannot distinguish the sane from the insane. - Rosenhan's experiment demonstrated the danger and validity of psychiatric labels.
Wolfgang Kohler: Theory	Attempted to prove that animals arrive at a solution through insight rather than trial and error. ~ The progress monitoring theory and the representational change theory~
Wolfgang Kohler: Experiment	Put food at not easily accessible place and primates were supposed to use objects to get to it.
Wolfgang Kohler: Outcomes	Monkey would eventually get the food - developed the progress monitoring theory and the representational change theory.
John B. Watson: Theory	Classical conditioning can be used to condition an emotional response. ~ A learning process when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together. A reaction only brought out by the second stimuli is later brought by the first stimuli alone.
John B. Watson: Experiment	LA (Little Albert) exposed to stimuli of a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, several masks, and a burning newspaper. - Showed no fear of stimuli, to begin with. - It was only until the stimuli were paired with another stimulus (i.e. loud noises) that LA started to respond emotionally.
John B. Watson: Outcomes	LA cried whenever shown the stimulus that was paired with a loud sound and would cry when shown the stimulus alone or something that closely resembled it.
Ivan Pavlov: Theory	Demonstrated classical conditioning (a.k.a. Pavlovian Conditioning) as well as temporal contiguity.
Ivan Pavlov: Experiment	- Placed food in front of a dog and measeured the amount of salavia produced. - Realized his dogs have same response to lab assistant or any other food related object or event Anything associated with food made them salivate -Bell served as the neutral stimulus and when he fed the dogs he sounded the bell.
Ivan Pavlov: Outcomes	Eventually, the dogs salivated at the sound of the bell even though he had not brought them food. Pavlovian Conditioning.
Bibb Latane and John Darley: Theory	Diffusion of responsibility - individual assumes that others either are responsible for taking action or have already done so.
Bibb Latane and John Darley: Experiment	Pre-recorded voice talks about his epileptic issues and proceeds to go into seizure.
Bibb Latane and John Darley: Outcomes	Group setting: 31% attempt to help. One-on-One: 85% attempt to help. - Individuals are less likely to help when in large groups. - The probability of helping = inversely proportional to the number of people. Rarely occurs when the individual is alone.
Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner: Theory	Connectionism, behaviorism, law of exercise, law of effect, operant conditioning, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, positive reinforcement.
Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner: Experiment	Instrumental conditioning (a.k.a. puzzle box experiment) - Establish the process of learning. - Turn accidental into intentional. - Relate behavior to environmental conditions.
Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner: Outcomes	The subject would accidentally hit a trigger to produce a reward/punishment. They would learn to do it again/not do it again to receive the desired outcome.
Konrad Lorenz: Theory	Discovered principal of imprinting and the evolutionary theory of attatchement.
Konrad Lorenz: Experiment	Half of the hatchlings went to Mama goose and the other half went to Lorenz. - After a while, he put all the goslings in the box, flipped it over, and they all wine to their respective "mothers."
Konrad Lorenz: Outcomes	Goslings would imprint on anything that would move if in a laboratory setting. Also discovered that imprinting had an effect on the goslings' sexual orientation later in life.

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