Topic 2

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What is labelling?	Labelling means to attach a meaning or definition to the students.
What did Becker's study find?	He found that Chicago high school teachers judged pupils according to how closely they fitted an image of the 'ideal pupil'. Their work, appearance, and conduct were key factors.
What did Cicourel and Kitsuse find in their study of American school counsellors?	They found that they had an important role of deciding who gets on to what courses, and judged the students largely on the basis of their social class and/or race.
What did Sharp and Green find in a British 'child centred' primary school?	They found that the children were allowed to choose activities for themselves and develop at their own pace. When they were ready they would seek help. And these that weren't ready were allowed to play in the Wendy house. However, middle class children gained the help they needed because they started to read earlier, and the working class children were ignored.
What is 'self-fulfilling prophecy'?	It is when a prediction is made of a child that comes true due to the way teachers treat that child.
What did Rosenthal and Jacobson consist of?	They told teachers at a California primary school that there was a new test to identify "spurters" when it was a simple IQ test. They randomly chose 20% of the students to be identified as the "spurters". A year later they returned and 47% out of the ones that had been identified as "spurters" had significantly made progress - showed that teachers expectations have a greater effect on younger children.
How does streaming effect the lower class children?	A the working class pupils are not seen as the ideal pupils they are placed in lower streams and it is difficult to move up higher once placed in a specific stream.
What were Lacey's concepts that helped explain how pupil subcultures are developed?	She spoke about two concepts: -Differentiation = which is the process that teachers categorise pupils according to how they perceive their ability/attitude/behaviour e.g. Streaming - high stream = high status -Polarisation = is the pupils response to streaming by moving towards one of the two opposite 'poles' or extremes.
What two subcultures did Lacey identify?	He identified: -Pro-school subculture - high stamps dedicated to school values and gain status through academic success and was mainly middle class -Anti-school subculture - lower streams inverting school values and gained status through checking at teachers, smoking etc. and mainly working class.
What did Ball find out in a school that had abolished streaming?	He found that subcultures were largely removed and the influence of anti-school declined. However differentiation continued as middle class were continued to be labelled as cooperative and able and class inequalities continued as a result of labelling without the effects of subcultures and streaming.
What responses did Woods find that pupils had to labelling and streaming?	They a few responses such as: -ingratiation "teachers pet" -ritualism "staying out of trouble" -retreatism "daydreaming and mucking about" -rebellion "outright rejection of everything school stands for"
What did Furlong say about pupils responses to streaming and labelling?	He said that they are not commitment to one response, that they vary depending on the class and they usually move between two.
What do Marxists criticise the labelling theory about?	They say that it ignores the sir structures of power and that teachers prejudices stem from teachers work in a system that reproduces class differences. The view is also very deterministic.
What is marketisation?	Marketisation is the idea of establishing schools to be like businesses so that the customers (parents) have more choice and chose where to send their children.
What did marketisation bring in?	It brought in the funding formula, exam league tables and competition between schools.
What did Youdell and Gillborn mean by the "A-to-C economy"?	They meant that due to the publication of the exam league tables, schools would ration their time, resources and effort, concentrating on the pupils they believed would get five or more Cs in GCSEs to boost their position.
Explain what is meant by the "educational triage".	This is where the school decides who gets help. They would only help those who were borderline C/D grades so that they could get the Cs to boost their position. This produces self-fulling prophecy and failure.
What is the correlation between funding and league table positions?	If a school has a better league table position then they attractive middle class pupils which improved results further and therefore they receive better funding. However the opposite happens to unpopular schools as they are obligated to take the "difficult" pupils which worsen their results and then get worse funding.
What did Bartlett argue that marketisation leads to popular schools doing?	He argued that it leads to popular schools: -cream-skimming = where they select higher ability students who cost less to teach -silt-shifting = where they don't choose pupils with learning difficulties as they are expensive to teach.
What did Ball et al find about marketing in schools?	He found that schools spend more on marketing to attract middle class pupils at the expense of spending money in special needs and other areas.
What did Macrae find in post-16 education?	She found that sixth forms provides academic courses leading to university and professional careers (mainly middle class) colleges provide vocational courses (mainly working class) and government funded courses lead to low level courses that lead to low paid jobs.

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