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Karteikarten von Jemima Glazin, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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| Frage | Antworten |
| Gender Bias: Key Words? | -universality -alpha bias -beta bias -androcentrism -essentialism |
| Universality? | -characteristic of humans that is capable of begin applied to all, despite difference of experience and upbrining |
| Alpha Bias? | -theories that suggest actual differences in men and women -can enhance or undervalue either sex |
| Beta Bias? | -theories that ignore/minimise difference between sexes |
| Androcentrism? | (male centered) -'normal' behavior is judged on a male standard |
| Essentialism? | -gender difference is inevitable + 'fixed' in nature |
| Examples of Alpha Bias in Psychology: Freud (description) | -unconscious mind drives all behaviour -unresolved conflicts during psychosexual stages => act in a certain way -all males go through Oedipus Complex -> castration anxiety -girls = Electra Complex -> penis envy |
| Example of Alpha Bias in Psychology: Freud (evaluation) | -theory identifies actual difference between males and females -> different complexes for each gender -Electra complex -> women fell inferior to males in the form of penis envy -replace need for penis with the desire to have a baby |
| Example of Androcentrism in Psychology: Milgram (description) | -studied obedience in 40 American Males -told to give an electric shock (wasn't real) every time a confederate gave a wrong answer -found 100% shocked 'Mr Wallace' up to 300v and 65% gave full 450v |
| Example of Androcentrism in Psychology: Milgram (evaluation) | -generalised his conclusions of an all male sample to females as well -female differences in conformity levels may be seen as abnormal or 'inferior', even though may be the standard behaviour for females |
| What feminists have accused of being gender bias | -diagnosis of PMS -> stereotyping and trivializing female behaviour -social construction -> medicalises female emotions in hormonal terms e.s.p. anger -male anger seen as a rational response to external pressures |
| Example of Beta Bias (+androcentrism) in Psychology: Kolberg (description) | -theory of moral reasoning -> moral development occurs through stages -based on interviews with teenage boys -suggests stages universal to both sexes -later carried out study of female Ps -> women reach lower levels of moral development |
| Example of Beta Bias (+androcentrism) in Psychology: Kolberg (Evaluation) | -androcentric -> women reach lower levels in contrast to males -> suggest males sample results = standard of behaviour + females inferior -beta bias-> attempted to minimise differences as used both male and female sample |
| Example of Alpha Bias in Psychology: Sexual Selection (description) | -unlimited male gametes but female gametes limited -female invest more to produce offspring -> look for genetically fit partner that is willing to provide (*money) -males use less resources -> aim = fertilise as many women as possible -> pass on alleles |
| Example of Alpha Bias (+androcentrism) in Psychology: Sexual Selection (evaluation) | -alpha bias -> reports distinct differences in sexual selection between males and females -Androcentric -> accommodates promiscuity in males -> excuses them for hurting feelings of their partner. If women carried out behaviour = abnormal |
| Cultural Bias? | -tendency to ignore cultural differences in behaviour + interpret all behaviour based on one culture alone |
| Universality? | -underlying characteristics of behaviour that are capable of being applied to all, despite differences of experience + upbringing (culture bias threatens this) |
| Etic Approach? | -human behaviour is studies from outside of a culture + generalised + said to be universal |
| Emic Approach? | -human behaviour is studied within a culture + identifies a behaviour specific to that culture |
| Imposed Etic? | -theory/concept rooted in personal culture of researcher is used to study/explain other cultures |
| Cultural Relativism? | -behaviour can only be meaningfully understood within specific cultural contexts |
| Ethnocentrism? | -judging other by values and standards of our own culture -researchers assume own culture = 'correct' behaviour => when other cultures observed and differ = 'incorrect' behaviour -devalues other cultures -=> prejudice, discrimination/racism |
| Example of Ethnocentrism and Imposed Etic in Psychology: Ainsworth (description) | -studied attachment types of 100 middle-class US infants -controlled observation -based on stranger and separation anxiety -22% insecure-avoidant, 66% secure + 12% insecure-resistant |
| Example of Ethnocentrism and Imposed Etic in Psychology: Ainsworth (evaluation) | -ethnocentric -> studied US + assumed separation + stranger anxiety used to measure attachment types across all cultures *Japan misinterpreted -Imposed Etic -> US catagorisation = 'norm' -> differences in other cultures = 'abnormal' |
| Examples of Ethnocentrism in Psychology: Culture Bond Disorders (decription) | -culture bound -> only appear in one specific culture -Koro in south and east Asia -extreme anxiety that the penis/nipples will recede into the body and cause death |
| Example of Ethnocentrism in Psychology: Culture Bound Disorders (evaluation) | -classification and diagnosis of mental health issues is ethnocetric -Diagnosis systems DSM + ICD are based on europeean and weastern populations -Therefore would have little understandinng of Koro and would not be able to explain or treat the illness effectively |
| Free Will? | -humans can make own choices that are not determined by biological or external factors -we are self-determining |
| Determinism? | -humans do not freely choose how to act as actions are the result of determined factors |
| Hard Dterminism (fatalism)? | -free will is not possible as behaviour is always caused by internal/external events, beyond our control |
| Soft Determinism? | -all events have causes, but behaviour can also be determined by our conscious choices in the absense of cohersion |
| Biological Determinism? | behvaiour is caused by biological influences that we cannot control |
| Environmental Determinism? | -behaviour is caused by features of environment that we canot control |
| Psychic Determinism? | -behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts that we cannot control |
| Evaluation: Why do deterministic theories support pscyhology's claim to being scientific? | -basic principle of science -> every event has a caused that can be explained through general laws -events can be predicted and controlled => development of treatments, therapies and behavioural interventionns *antipsychotics to treat schizophrenia |
| Evaluation: SOON ET AL | -brain activity for whether to press the button on the lift/right hand side occurs in the brian up to 10 seconds before Ps reported cosnciously making a decision -suggests choice and free will are determined by our brain before we become aware of them |
| Evalaution: Free Will and mental health disorders | -=> total loss of control over our behaviour -doubt free will as no one would choose to have the disorder |
| Evalaution: Determinism and the Justice System | -in court = offenders held morally accountable for their actions -determinism = not responsible -should we even send people to prison? |
| Evaluation: Free Will has face validity | -experience a sense of free will through everyday choices we make daily -> makes cognitive sense -high internal L of C = believe we can influence event and control own behaviour -> tend to be more healthy => belief have free will has positive implicaitons |
| Example of Biological Determinism: SIFFRE (desciption) | -undertook research in a cave where wasn't exposed to natural light -took detailed recrodings of when he slept, exercised and ate -found biological clock extended beyond 24 hours |
| Example of Biological Determinism: SIFFRE (evaluation) | -he is not choosing when to sleep, exercise and eat -his biological clock (SCN) has detrmined his actions through thought processes |
| Example of Phycic Determinism: Freud Psychodynamic Approach (description) | -behaviour determind by the unconscious mind -personality made up of the id, ego and super ego -id is key in determining behaviour as it encourages you to satisfy wants through immediate gratification (pleasure principle) |
| Example of Psycic Determinism: Freud Psychodynamic Approach (evaluation) | -suggests behaviour determined by unconscious conflicts we cannot control -Even something random 'slip of the tongue' is driven by unconscious forces -all behaviour determined by unconscious conflicts during childhood (psychosexual Stages) -any free will = an illusion |
| Example of Soft Determinism: LOFTUS + PALMER (description) | -studied effect of leading Qs of accuracy of EWT -Ps watch a video of a car crash and asked how fast were going when hit -verb changes for each condition -Found mean speed estimates were siginificantly different in each condition |
| Example of Soft Determinsim: LOFTUS + PALMER (evaluation) | -answer given was determined by verb used in leading Q -do not decide how to answer questions, but that answers already decided through the way the Q is phrased -actively decide what memories we retrieve to construct an answer |
| Example of Reciprocal Determinsm: BANDURA (desciption) | -SLT we learn behaviour through observation + immitation of models within a social context -stages of mediational processes; extent to which we pay attention, how well remember, ability to physcally reproduce and motivation to carry out behaviour |
| Example of Reciprocal Determinism: BANDURA (evaluation) | -influenced by external environment by the behaviours we observe and also exert our own influence upon it through actively selecting behaviours to perform -suggests have some element of free well -just because we witness and behaviour does not mean we have to carry it out |
| Example of Free Will: Humanistic Approach (description) | -ROGERS claims humans are self-determining and have free will -not influences by external/internal factors -active agents -> ability to determine ur own development -rejects scientific models that attempt to establish general laws and focus on subjective experiences of the individual |
| Example of Free Will: Humanistic Approach (evaluation) | -does not matter what experiences or genes we have, we all actively choose to carry out certain behaviours -behaviour cannot be determind by biological or environmental forces |
| What is the Nature VS Nurture Debate? | -to what extent is our behaviour a product of innate influences or lerning/environmental influences? |
| Heredity? | -genetic transmission of mental and physical characteristics |
| Environment? | -any influence on behaviour that is not genetic *pre-natal influences *influences of culture |
| Diathesis-stress Model? | -nature and nurture influence + interact with each other, so it does not make sense to separate them |
| Epigenics? | -genetic activity can change through interaction with the environment. This leaves 'marks' on the DNA that can be passed on to future generations |
| Evaluation: Nativists and Empiricists | -natavists = inherited genetic makeup dtermined our characteristics + behaviour -Empiricists = any behaviour can be changes by altering environmental conditions -opposing attitudes on education, mental illness and the criminal justic system |
| Evaluation: Constructivism | -create own 'nurture' by selecting environments that fit with 'nature' => environment effects development *aggressive child makes friends with other aggressive children -decribed and niche-picking + niche-building -interactionist |
| Evaluation: Shared/Unshared Envrionments -> INTERACTIONIST | -even siblings will not have the same upbringing -DUN + POLMIN -> idividual differences => siblings experience life events differently *divorce of parents will have different meanings -explains why MZ twins not 100% concordance rate |
| Evaluation: Genotype-environment interaction | -gene-environment interaction *parenst genes influence way they treat their children *child's genes influence and shape their environment *child creates own environment through people + experiences they select |
| Example for Nature: Bowlby's Theory of Attachment (description) | -innate need to form one special attachment to one primary caregiver -hierarchy of attachments -developed through innate social releasers *smiling |
| Exampleof Nature: Bowlby's Theory of Attachment (evaluation) | -INNATE -> biologically programmed from birth -social releases drive the attachment to be formed -will try to form a primary attachment, no matter what we experience when we are born |
| Argument for Nurture: Internal Working Model (decription) | -mental template for furture relationshipd based on attachment to primary caregiver *if had a loving attachment expect relationships to be loving and are loving in relationships yourself -also acts as a framework for how you will parent yourself |
| Example of Nature: Internal Working Model (evaluation) | -experience with attachment to parents and their parenting style = how you parent in the future and what expect in future relationships -not born with a pre-made template |
| Example of Nauture: Sexual Selection (description) | -males have unlimited gametes (sperm) => goal is to fertilise as many females as possible to pass on alleles to next gen => look for youthful, child bearing hips e.c.t -Females limited gametes (eggs) -> use more resources => look for male who is willing to provide resources + is genetically fit |
| Example of Nature: Sexual Selection (evaluation) | -different gametes for each gender determines what we find attractive -born with gametes and does not change due to experience |
| Example of Nurture: Expressed Emotion (descirption) | -level of negative expressed emotion for carers causes a source of stress for the patient -causes the patient to relapse and become schizphrenic again |
| Example of Nurture: Expressed Emotion (evaluation) | -experiences with carers determines whether we are able to recover from schizophrenia -effect occurs no matter what genome -suggests nature not nurture |
| Example of Interactionist: Diathesis-stress model (description) | -have a genetic disposition to schizophrenia which makes you more vulnerable to developing the illness -stress trigger from the environment (*death of a familly member) => schizophrenia develops |
| Example of Interactionist: Diathesis-stress Model (evaluation) | -both nuture and nature influences interact to cause the disorder -cannot develop the disorder with stress tigger or genetic disposition alone |
| Reductionism? | -belief that human behaviour is best explained by breaking it down into smaller constituent parts |
| Biological Reductionism? | -explaining psychological phenomena at a lower biological level *genes *hormones |
| Environmental Reductionism? | -explaining psychological phenomena in term of a stimulus-response relationship *classical and operant conditioning |
| Holism? | looking at the whole person rather than one specific part/factor to explain behaviour |
| Levels of Explanation in Psychology? | -different ways of explaining the same phenomena -some more reductionist than others -each level becomes more reductionist than the one before |
| What are the levels of Explanation (holistic to reductionist)? | -social cognition (from society) -social interactions -cognition + emotion -physiology -neurochemical -genetics |
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