Definitions in Attachment

Frage	Antworten
Adult Relationships	Those relationships the child goes on to have in later life as an adult. These include friendships and working relationships but most critically relationships with romantic partners and the person's own children.
Animal Studies	Studies carried out on non-human animal species rather than on humans, either for ethical or practical reasons.
Childhood Relationships	Affiliations with other people in childhood, including friends and classmates, and with adults such as teachers.
Critical Period	This refers to the time within which an attachment must form if it's to form at all. Bowlby extended the idea of critical periods from animals to humans, proposing that human infants have a sensitive period after which it will be much more difficult to form an attachment.
Cultural Variations	'Culture' refers to the norms and values that exist within any group of people. Cultural variations then are the differences in norms and values that exist between people in different groups.
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment	An attachment type characterised by low anxiety but weak attachment. In the Strange Situation this is shown by low stranger and separation anxiety and little response to reunion - an avoidance of the caregiver.
Insecure-Resistant Attachment	An attachment type characterised by strong attachment and high anxiety. In the Strange Situation this is shown by high levels of stranger and separation anxiety and by resistance to be comforted at reunion.
Institutionalisation	A term for the effects of living in an institutional setting. The term 'institution' refers to a place like a hospital or orphanage where children live for long, continuous periods of time. In such places there is often very little emotional care provided.
Interactional Synchrony	Mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of the other and fo this in a coordinated (synchronised) way.
Internal Working Models	The mental representations we all carry with us of our attachment to our primary caregiver. They are important in affecting our future relationships because they carry our perception of what relationships are like.
Learning Theory	A set of theories from the behaviourist approach to psychology, that emphasise the role of learning in the acquisition of behaviour. Explanations for learning of behaviour include classical and operant conditioning.
Maternal Deprivation	The consequences of separation between a child and their mother figure. Bowlby proposed that continuous care from a mother is essential for good psychological development, and prolonged separation from this adult causes serious damage to emotional and intellectual development.
Monotropic	A term sometimes used to describe Bowlby's theory. The mono means 'one' and indicates that one particular attachment is different from all others and of central importance to the child's development.
Multiple Attachments	Attachments to two or more people. Most babies appear to develop multiple attachments once they have formed one true attachment to a main carer.
Orphan Studies	These concern children placed in care because their parents cannot look after them. An orphan is a child whose parents have either died or have abandoned them permanently.
Reciprocity	A description of how two people interact. Mother-infant interaction is reciprocal in that both infant and mother respond to each other's signals and each elicits a response from the other.
Secure Attachment	Generally thought of as the most desirable attachment type, associated with psychologically healthy outcomes. In the Strange Situations this is shown by moderate stranger and separation anxiety and ease of comfort at reunion.
Stages of Attachment	Many developmental theories identify a sequence of qualitatively different behaviours linked to specific ages. In stages of attachment some characteristics of the infant's behaviour towards others change as the infant gets older.
Strange Situation	A controlled observation designed to test attachment security. Infants are assessed on their response to playing in an unfamiliar room, being left alone, left with a stranger and being reunited with a caregiver.

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	Erstellt von Melissa O'Mahony vor mehr als 7 Jahre