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| Romulus & Remus | Legendary founders of Rome; twin brothers whose evil tried to drown them in the Tiber River. They were rescued by a she-wolf. They build a city on the spot where the she-wolf rescued them. The brothers argue. Romulus kills Remus. The city of Rome was named after him. |
| Latins | One of the three groups of people who inhabited the region; built the original settlement, considered to be the first Romans. |
| Tiber River | Rome was built on the Tiber River. |
| Etruscans | Ruled Rome for 200 years. Roman rebelled against the last Etruscan king in 509 BC. Rome became a republic. |
| Republic | A government in which citizens who have the right to vote, select their leaders. People choose. |
| Patricians | A member of an upper-class family in the Roman Republic. |
| Plebeians | An ordinary citizen in the Roman Republic. |
| Polytheistic | The belief in many gods. |
| Pantheon | A temple in Rome that was dedicated to the worship all Roman Gods. The emperor Marcus Agrippa built it. It has a dome shaped roof. |
| Tribunes | A Roman official under the monarchy and the roman republic with the function of protecting the plebeian citizen from arbitrary action by the patrician magistrates. |
| 12 Tables | The earliest code of Roman civil, criminal, and religious law. |
| Consuls | Either of two annually elected chief magistrates of the Roman republic. |
| Senate | The supreme council of the ancient Roman republic and empire. |
| Dictator | One ruling in absolute and often oppressive way. |
| Veto | An authoritative prohibition. |
| Legions | The principle unit of the Roman army comprising 3000 to 6000 foot soldiers with calvary. Caesar and his legions defeated the Gauls. |
| Punic Wars | The three wars waged by Rome against Carthage resulting in the destruction of Carthage and the annexation of its territory by Rome. |
| Hannibal | Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps and invaded Italy (son of Hamilcar Barca). |
| Tiberius & Gaius Gracchug | Tiberius Sempronius (ca. 163-133 B.C.) and Gaius Sempronius (ca. 154-121 B.C.) Gracchus, commonly known as the Gracchi, were Roman political reformers who, through their use of the plebeian tribunate, set Roman politics on a course that ended in the collapse of the republic. |
| Civil War | A war between political factions or regions within the same country. |
| Julius Caesar | Gaius [gey-uh s] (Show IPA), (or Caius) [key-uh s] (Show IPA), Julius, c100–44 b.c, Roman general, statesman, and historian. |
| Triumvirate | (in ancient Rome) a group of three men holding power, in particular ( the First Triumvirate ) the unofficial coalition of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus in 60 BC and ( the Second Triumvirate ) a coalition formed by Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian in 43 BC. |
| Marc Antony | Mark (Marcus Antonius) 83?–30 b.c, Roman general: friend of Caesar; member of the second triumvirate and rival of Octavian. |
| Queen Cleopatra | A queen of Egypt in the first century b.c., famous for her beauty, charm, and luxurious living. She lived for some time in Rome with Julius Caesar. For several years after Caesar was assassinated, she lived in Egypt with the Roman politician Mark Antony. |
| "Augustus" | Also called Octavian (before 27 b.c.) (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ; Augustus Caesar) 63 b.c.–a.d. 14, first Roman emperor 27 b.c.–a.d. 14: reformer, patron of arts and literature; heir and successor to Julius Caesar. |
| "imperator" | (in Imperial Rome) emperor. (in Republican Rome) a temporary title accorded a victorious general. |
| Pax Romana | The terms of peace imposed by ancient Rome on its dominions. |
| "Gravitas" |
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