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Karteikarten von Emma Chell, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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| Frage | Antworten |
| What are the two functions of the Central Nervous System? | • To control behaviour. • To regulate the body's physiological processes. |
| There are two parts of the Central Nervous System, what are they? | • The brain. • The spinal cord. |
| What are the four main parts of the brain and what are they for? | • Cerebrum (divided into four lobes. Each has a different function). • Cerebellum (controls motor skills and balance). • Diencephalon (relay station for nervous impulses, directing to appropriate part of brain. • Brain stem (regulates autonomic functions e.g. heartbeat). |
| What are the four lobes within the cerebrum (in the cerebral hemispheres) and what is their function? | • Occipital (for sight/processing these images). • Parietal (for sending and moving/ senses in the body). • Frontal (higher emotions/personality). • Temporal (memory). |
| What are four facts about the spinal cord? | • Relays info between brain and rest of body. • Allows brain to monitor processes such as breathing. • Connected to body by spinal nerves. • Contains some nerve cell circuits for reflexes such as blinking. |
| What is the Peripheral Nervous System? | All nerves outside CNS (brain and spinal cord) make up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). |
| What are the two divisions of the PNS and what do they do? | • Somatic Nervous System (transmits info from senses to CNS and from CNS to senses). • Autonomic Nervous System (transmits info to and from internal organs to sustain life processes). |
| There is two parts to the Autonomic Nervous System, what are they and what do they do? | • Sympathetic nervous system (generally increases bodily activities). • Para-sympathetic nervous system (generally maintains or decreases bodily activities). |
| What makes up the brain stem (write in order from highest to lowest to help remember)? | • Midbrain. • Pons. • Medulla oblongata. • Central canal of spinal cord. |
| What are the three structures that compose the diencephalon? | • Hypothalamus. • Thalamus. • Epithalamus (including the pineal gland). |
| Neurons are an essential part of a massive communication system within the body. What are the three types of neuron and their purpose? | • Sensory (informs brain about internal and external environment by processing information from the senses). • Relay (carry messages from one part of CNS to another, connecting motor and sensory neurons). • Motor (carries signals from CNS helping both organs (including glands and muscles) function. |
| Fill the blanks: The ________ structure of all neurons is the ____. There are anatomical differences in ____ depending on their function, e.g. axons of _____ neurons can be very long. | The cellular structure of all neurons is the same. There are anatomical differences in size depending on their function e.g. the axons of motor neurons can be very long. |
| Describe the structure, as though imagining the model, of a neuron. | |
| Fill the blanks: The ______ _________ moves along the neuron. | The action potential moves along the neuron. |
| Fill the blanks: In ___ neurons the _______ or _______ ____ receives the signal and then travels through the neuron to the ___-______ terminal. | In all neurons the dendrite or receptor cell receives the signal and then it travels through the neuron to the pre-synaptic terminal. |
| What is a synapse and synaptic transmission? | • Synapse is a 'gap' between neurons through which the electrical impulse from the neuron is chemically transmitted. • Synaptic transmission is the process for transmitting messages from neuron to neuron. |
| What are the steps to synaptic transmission? | • Chemical impulse travels down neuron. • Neurotransmitters released at pre-synaptic terminal. • Adjacent neuron takes up neurotransmitter from fluid and converts it into electrical impulse. • Travels down neuron to next pre-synaptic terminal. • Certain neurotransmitters can 'unlock' a message channel and allow relay to take place. |
| Describe the structure, imagining the model, of the synapse. | Direction of impulse down axon, axon, terminal button, synaptic vesicles, synaptic cleft, receptor sites of post-synaptic neuron. |
| Certain neurotransmitters allow a flood of ions that can cause 'potential' in dendrites. What are these two types of potentials? | • Excitatory Potentials - increase the chance of a neuron firing. • Inhibitory Potentials - decrease the chance of a neuron firing. |
| What is the endocrine system? | • Has a series of glands. • These release chemicals called hormones throughout the body via blood and other bodily fluids. • There are specialist glands in the body which form a part of this system. |
| Fill the blanks: __________ is influenced by hormones and each hormone is thought to affect behaviour in a _________ way. | Behaviour is influenced by hormones and each hormone is thought to affect behaviour in a different way. |
| Describe as much of the endocrine system, in terms of the model, that you can. | |
| What is the pituitary gland and its function? | • Found at base of brain, just below hypothalamus. • Known as 'master gland'. • Releases hormones important for regulating endocrine system. • Good example is oxytocin- thought to be important in reproductive behaviour, encouraging bonding between couples. |
| What is the adrenal gland and its function? | • Located on top of each kidney. • Important part of fight or flight system as it regulates the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline. |
| What are the testes and their function? | • Male gonads. • Facilitate release of testosterone whih we believe influences aggressive behaviour in males. |
| What are the ovaries and their function? | • Female gonads (in uterus). • Facilitate release of oestrogen and progesterone- important in childbirth and pregnancy. |
| Describe in terms of the model, how the endocrine system and glands work. | |
| What is the fight or flight response? | • Generated from autonomic nervous system, specifically sympathetic branch. • Reflex response designed to help individual manage psychically when under threat. • Also activated in times of stress as body perceives it to be threat. • Helps individual react quicker than normal and facilitates optimal functioning to fight or run away. |
| What is the series of steps for the fight or flight response? | 1. Hypothalamus recognises threat. 2. Message from hypothalamus received at adrenal gland (specifically adrenal medulla). 3. Triggers release of adrenaline to endocrine system and noradrenaline in brain. 4. This prompts physical changes. |
| What are the physical changes prompted by adrenaline in the endocrine system and noradrenaline and in the brain and why? | • Increased heart rate (speed up blood flow to vital organs and improve spread of adrenaline). • Faster breathing rate (increase oxygen intake). • Pupil dilation (improve vision). • Production of sweat (facilitate temperature regulation). • Muscle tension (improve reaction time and speed). • Reduced functioning of digestive and immune systems (save energy for prioritised functions e.g. running). |
| Define 'hypothalamus'. | • Part of brain (located in centre). • Deals with basic survival functions. |
| Define 'adrenal gland'. | Gland in adrenal system that releases adrenaline. |
| Define 'adrenal medulla'. | Central part of adrenal gland. |
| What are three negative evaluations for bio psychology? | - Difficult to establish cause and effect. Can be said relationship between increased oxytocin and relationship intensity but not that it cause it, other factors may affect. - Argued biological factors for behaviour is reductionist, too simplistic and ignores environmental influences. - Argued to be determinist, suggest little control over biological drives when in fact humans have free will and can overcome them. |
| What are two strengths of bio psychology? | + Can use scientific measures to investigate so results are reliable as can be checked. + Physical nature of bodily systems means they can be studied scientifically, means can be certain of biological facts. |
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