Epistemology: Knowledge & Perception Key Terms

Frage	Antworten
direct realism	the view that the immediate objects of perception are mind independent objects and their properties, which we have direct access to as they exist in the external world
illusion	occurs when one's perception misrepresents reality (shared experience, one sense only)
hallucination	the perception of an object or objects in the absence of these objects, which feels qualitatively no different from a genuine perception (individual, multisensory)
perceptual variation	the fact that perception is perspectival, and the same conditions can be perceived entirely differently depending on the relative position of the viewer to the event
time-lag	our perception depends upon light being reflected off objects and being detected by our eyes, and there is a small delay in this process
indirect realism	the immediate objects of perception are mind dependent sense data which are caused by and represent mind independent objects in the external world
sense data (4 things)	sense data are (1) subjective, (2) mind dependent, (3) private and (4) infallible
primary qualities	properties that exist within the objects themselves and are essential to the objects, independent of human perception
secondary qualities	dependent upon human perception, inessential to the object, caused by primary qualities
idealism	antirealist theory of perception, the immediate objects of perception are mind dependent sense data which is the only reality
the objectivity of space and time	objects continue to exist and change even when they are outside of all human perception
solipsism	the view that all that exists is my mind
ability knowledge	practical form of knowledge that involves knowing how to perform certain tasks
acquaintance knowledge	when one can be said to have come into contact with something and in doing so been made aware of it (I know your dad; I know the area)
propositional knowledge	otherwise known as factual knowledge, consciously believing that a proposition is true
tripartite view	S knows that P if and only if S believes that P, S is justified in believing that P, and P is true
belief	the willingness to assent to a proposition
false lemma	false belief; inference from false belief(s)
epistemic virtues (list 5)	careful analysis of available evidence, lack of bias and prejudice, a clear and open mind, a reliable memory & the ability to make sound judgements
concept empiricism	all concepts are derived from sense experience
impressions	forceful and vivid perceptions of the mind
ideas	faint and obscure perceptions of the mind
simple idea	one which cannot be broken down any further, an atomic element of thought
complex idea	a conglomerate of simpler ideas which it can be broken down into
innate concept	concept present in the mind prior to or at birth
knowledge empiricism	all synthetic knowledge is a posteriori; all knowledge of the world is gained through sense experience
a priori intuition	foundational truths of reason so self evident they cannot be doubted without self contradiction
a priori demonstration	the deduction of more complex truths from a combination of a priori intuitions and a priori reasoning
a priori	independent of sense experience
a posteriori	dependent on sense experience
analytic	true by definition; the predicate is contained within the subject
synthetic	predicate is not contained within the subject
necessarily true	must be true, cannot be doubted without self contradiction; true of all possible worlds
contingently true	happen to be true but might not have been, can be denied without contradiction
possible world	a way the world could have been
deductive argument	the truth of the premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion
inductive argument	the premises support, but cannot guarantee the conclusion; one can agree with the premises and deny the conclusion without self contradiction
realism	objects exist independently of the mind
antirealism	there are no objects that exist independently of the mind
epistemology	the study of knowledge

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Epistemology: Knowledge & Perception Key Terms

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