Meta Ethics

Frage	Antworten
Intuitionism	Ethical principles are known innately through intuition
G.E. Moore (Principa Ethica)	Good - indefinable simple idea Yellow Can't be proved empirically
Simple Idea	Can't be broken down eg. yellow
Complex idea	Broken down into constituent parts eg. horse = quadruped, herbivore, mammal...
Naturalistic fallacy	Moral judgements aren't fact. Can't describe "good" via natural properties such as pleasing
H.A. Pritchard	Thinking - course of action Reasoning - collects facts Intuition weighs obligation based on facts
W.D. Ross (Foundation of Ethics)	Prima Facie duties to follow over alternate over riding obligation Guide not rule Difference between right and good
Prima Facie	Promise, reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficience, self-improvement & non-maleficence - correct but incomplete
Criticism of Intuitionism	Intuitionists disagree on self evident principle. Moore = teleological Ross = duty based
Ethical naturalism	Objective moral principles that we have empirical knowledge of Immoral = fact & perception of wrongness
Theological naturalism	Aquinas - goodness is linked to God's will God defines morality
Hedonic naturalists	Goodness = fact of pleasure Perry, "good is object of favour", "right is conducive to happiness"
F.H Bradley (Ethical Studies)	Morals - self realisation & position Learnt from family, community - station = duties
Emotivism	Ethical non-naturalism
Vienna Circle	Logical positivists acted on the Vf principle.
Hume	Cant's go from factual statement "is" to moral "ought"
Synthetic	Tested by sense perception
Analytic	True by definition
Boo-hurrah	All moral statements are merely expressions of preference, no one is right
Who invented Boo-hurrah?	A. J. Ayer (Language, truth and logic)
Two elements of moral judgement (C. L. Stevenson)	Expression of attitude based on belief Persuasive element to influence
According to Stevenson, what were moral disagreements?	Not disagreements at all, agree upon principle but not the course of action. Only real if considering right and wrong
Criticisms of emotivism	James Rachels - wrong to remove reason from ethics, more to moral statements than feeling (boo-hurrah) Reduces common reaction to atrocities
Strength of Emotivism	Important contribution to ethical language as important. Raised q's about normative approaches.
What is prescriptivism?	Objective moral statements which command and act as a guide in moral decision making
What is universalisability?	Moral statements eg. Golden Rule, extend to all similar situations.
Who established prescriptivism?	R. M. Hare (Language and Morals)
Strength of prescriptivism	Requires that moral system maintains common rules.
Criticisms of Prescriptivism	J. L. Mackie - rejects universalisability, claims people have different preferences so Golden Rule could not always dictate the best course of action

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