PSYC 1200

Frage	Antworten
Health Psychology	the study of how behaviours, thought and emotions influence physical health and how health can influence those factors as well
I. Body Mass Index II. Set point	I. statistic commonly used for estimating a healthy body weight given an individual's height II. a hypothesized mechanism that serves to maintain body weight around a physiologically programmed level; 10-20% of one's weight
social contagion	often subtle, unintentional spreading of behaviour as a result of social interactions; friend groups can become more similar over time in terms of body weight, smoking etc
Appraisal: I. primary appraisal II. secondary appraisal	cognitive act of assessing and evaluating the potential threat and demands of an event I. individual perceives potential threat II. determine how to cope with the threat
General adaptation syndrome	a theory of stress responses involving stages of alarm (recognition of threat with physiological response), resistance (responding to the stressor), and exhaustion (stressful events depletes physical resources and response declines)
Holmes and Rahe's social readjustment scale	provides a numerical stress value to each type of common stressful event that a person might experience
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis	neural and endocrine circuit that provides communication between the nervous system (hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary and adrenal glands)
Cortisol	I. hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that prepares the body to respond to a stressful event
Oxytocin	important for generating feelings of trust, closeness and attachment toward others; women more likely than men to secrete it during a stressful event
Vasopressin	hormone that suppresses the release of arousal related hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine
Psychoneuroimmunology	the study of the relationship between immune system and nervous system functioning
Coronary heart disease	condition in which plaques form in the blood vessels that supply the heart with blood and oxygen; can increase in men by 30% with stress
Type A personality	describes people who tend to be impatient and worry about time, and are easily angered, competitive, and highly motivated
Type B personality	described people who are more laid back and characterized by a patient, easygoing and relaxed disposition
Coping	refers to the processes used to manage demands, stress, and conflict; both problem focused and emotion focused
Positive Psychology	uses scientific methods to study human strength and potential; has identified numerous adaptive and constructive ways in which people cope with problems; focus on positive emotions
Explain how the following types of personality cope:	Next
Neuroticism	tendency to respond to problems with patterns of anxiety, hostility, anger, guilt, and nervousness; linked to physical complaints such as headaches, chronic pain, stomach aches, and coronary heart disease
Extraversion	extraverts are more likely to seek out help rather than trying to solve a problem on their own and are more likely to listen to the advice of others
Agreeableness	willing to seek help, may help avoid additional interpersonal stress
Conscientiousness	less likely to show their emotions, referred to as distancing; distancing from one's own emotions
Openness	tend to respond with empathy when stressful situations involve others, less likely to use emotional distancing
Resilience	the ability to effectively recover from illness or adversity
Post-traumatic growth	the capacity to grow and experience long-term positive effects in response to negative effects
Biofeedback	is a therapeutic technique involving the use of physiological recording instruments to provide feedback that increases awareness of bodily responses
What are the two types of meditation?	Concentrative or focused-attention meditation Mindfulness or open monitoring (OA)
Mindfulness-based stress reduction: s	structured relaxation program based on elements of mindfulness meditation; helps people to cope and relax by increasing the link between body and mind
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor	a protein in the nervous system that promotes survival, growth, and the formation of new synapses
Learned helplessness	an acquired suppression of avoidance or escape behaviour in response to unpleasant, uncontrollable circumstances
Asylum	residential facilities for the mentally ill
Moral treatment movement	Pinel and Dix; shamed society into ensuring that residents in mental institutions were treated humanely and compassionately
Medical model	sees psychological conditions as a set of symptoms, causes and outcomes, with treatments aimed at changing physiological processes in order to alleviate symptoms
Biophysical model	provides a more holistic view of a person, as a set of multiple interacting systems
Deinstitutionalization	over 30 years, the population of population of mental institutions dropped by 80% contributing to a dramatic increase in urban homelessness
Maladaptive	a person's behaviours, feelings, and thoughts causing those around them significant distress or impair daily functioning or increase the likelihood that the person or those around them will experience harm or injury
DSM-5	describes number and type of symptoms for each mental disorder as well as the typical ethology (cause) of each disorder and provides prognoses
Mental disorder defence	claims that the defendant was in such an extreme, abnormal state of mind when committing the crime that he or she should not discern that the actions were legally or morally wrong
Personality disorders	particularly unusual patterns of behaviour that are maladaptive, distressing to oneself or others, and resistant to change
Cluster A personality types	characterized by odd or eccentric behaviours, including Paranoid and Schizoid Personality Disorders
Cluster B personality type	characterized by dramatic, emotional and erratic behaviour, including Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic personality disorders
Cluster C personality type	Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive Compulsive personality disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder	characterized by intense extremes between positive and negative emotions, and unstable sense of self, impulsivity, and difficult social relationships; emotionally manipulative and controlling -rooted in traumatic or emotionally difficult experiences such as inconsistent, abusive or neglectful parenting
Narcissistic Personality	characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance and an excessive need for attention and admiration, as well as intense self-doubt and fear of abandonment; little empathy for others, tend to be manipulative, strong sense of entitlement
Histrionic Personality	characterized by excessive attention seeking and dramatic behaviour; typically high-functioning because their dramatic nature makes them seem vibrant and attractive in social situations; self-indulgent and risky behaviours; highly sensitive to criticism and manipulative; flamboyant and exhibitionist tendencies
Psychological factors in personality disorders	persistent beliefs about the self are a major part of the human personality and attempt to cope with and compensate for negative beliefs; NPD and HPD tend to have deeply rooted negative beliefs about the self, how they are regarded, and whether they are loved by others
Sociological factors to personality disorders	often involve extensive emotional damage from childhood experiences, ranging from physical and sexual abuse, to the profound invalidation and security of being abandoned or neglected as a child
Biological factors	not everyone exposed to extreme stress develops a personality disorder; how stress interacts with biological predispositions for disorders, some genes can contribute to emotional instability
Comorbidity	the presence of two disorders simultaneously
Dissociative disorders	a category of mental disorders characterized by a split between conscious awareness from feeling, cognition, memory, and identity
Dissociative fugue	a period of profound autobiographical memory loss; people in fugue states may go so far as to develop a new identity in a new location with no recollection of their past
Depersonalization disorder	a strong sense of the surreal, the feeling that one is not connected to one's body, the feeling of disconnection from one's regular identity and awareness
Dissociative amnesia	a severe loss of memory, usually for a specific stressful event, when no biological cause for amnesia is present
Dissociative Identity Disorder / Multiple Personality Disorder	in which a person experiences a split in identity such that they feel different aspects of themselves as though they were separated from each other; can construct completely separate personalities
Anxiety disorders	a category of disorders involving fear or nervousness that is excessive, irrational, and maladaptive; fear response out of proportion to the true threat posed by the source of the fear
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	react with intense fear to normal daily stressors or life challenges; often have unstable, irritable moods, have difficulty concentrating and have sleep problems
Panic Disorder	state of anxiety that is not constant that occurs in extreme, unpredictable bursts of fear and dread called panic attacks; short segments but can be much more severe
Agoraphobia	fear of panic attacks in public, avoid public spaces
Social phobias	chronic concerns over being judged negatively by others and a constant fear of being publicly humiliated; extreme discomfort in crowds and when individual feels it will be difficult to escape social situations
Exposure	a person is repeatedly and in stages exposed to the object of his fear so that he can work past his emotional reactions
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder	combination of irrational persistent thoughts or obsessions; fear responses that are out of proportion to the true threat; irresistible urge to engage in repetitive behaviours or compulsions
Autism Spectrum Disorder	range of disorders consisting of autism, Asperger's and other pervasive neurodevelopment disorders
Mood disorders	relate to severe disruptions in a person's emotional state, typically resulting in maladaptive behaviours thought patterns
Major depression	lengthy chronic period of deep sadness, perception that they are incompetent and worthless, and the belief that nothing will ever improve, feelings of cognitive and physical sluggishness; physical systems include fatigue, digestive problems, sleeping troubles, headaches and joint pain, confusion, memory problems, irritability
Pessimistic explanatory style	a set of habitual ways of explaining events to oneself which tend to be dysfunctional; personal attributions, internal, stable attribution, belief that the situation is going to persist, and global attribution, expanding event into other domains of life
Bipolar disorder	characterized by extreme highs and lows in mood, motivation and energy; involves depression at one end and mania on the other; mania can take several forms, including talking excessively fast, racing thoughts, impulsive, and spontaneous decisions or high risk behaviours
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder	severe psychological disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts, abnormalities in mood and behaviour; disruption in the association between a person's thoughts and perceptions of reality
What are the three phases of schizophrenia?	Prodromal phase: cognitive deficits, more socially isolated, more occupied with their disturbing thoughts Active phase: develop strange delusion that are not consistent with reality, delusional thoughts, hallucinations Residual phase: most prominent symptoms decline, very suppressed willingness to engage in activities or social contact
Hallucinations	alterations of perception, such that a person hears, sees, smells, feels, or tastes something that does not actually exist except for in that person's own mind
Delusions	beliefs that are not based entirely in reality, at least from the perspective for the person's general culture
Disorganized behaviour	describes the considerable difficulty people with schizophrenia may have completing the tasks of everyday life
Paranoid schizophrenia	symptoms include delusional beliefs that one is being followed, watched, or persecuted and may also include delusions of grandeur, or that they have secret insight or power
Disorganized schizophrenia	symptoms include thoughts, speech, behaviours and emotions that are poorly integrated and incoherent; may also show inappropriate, unpredictable mannerisms
Catatonic schizophrenia	includes episodes in which a person remains mute and immobile, sometimes in bizarre positions for extended periods, may also exhibit repetitive, purposeless movements
Undifferentiated schizophrenia	includes individuals who show a combination of symptoms from more than one type of schizophrenia
Residual schizophrenia	reflects individuals who show some symptoms of schizophrenia but are either in transition to a full-blown episode or in remission
Positive Symptoms	result in the individual's engaging in maladaptive behaviours, hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking
Negative Symptoms	absence of adaptive behaviours, flat affect (lack of facial response/expression), social isolation and lack of motivation
Trepanning	drilling a hole in a person's skull to release evil spirits
Exorcism	thought to get rid of 'evil spirits' but amounted to ritualized torture
Clinical psychologists	ph.D level training; able to formally diagnose and treat mental health issues ranging from everyday and mild to chronic and severe
Counsellors	Master's or PhD; mental health professionals who typically work with people needing help with more common problems such as stress, coping, and imld forms of anxiety and depression, rather than severe mental disorders
Psychiatrists	Medical degree; specialize in mental health and are allowed to diagnose and treat mental disorders through prescribing medication
Therapist	is a label that anyone can use, regardless of level of expertise or skills in treating psychological problems
Deinstitutionalization	whereby mental health patients were released back into their communities, generally after having their symptoms alleviated through medications
Residential treatment centres	housing facilities in which residents receive psychological therapy and life skills training, with the explicit oil of helping residents become re-integrated intersociety as well as they can
Community psychology	area of psychology that focuses on identifying how individual's mental health is influenced by the neighbourhood, economics, and community resources, social groups and other community based variables
Emotionally supported treatments	treatments that have been tested and evaluated
Insight therapy	general term referring to therapy that involves dialogue between client and therapist for the purpose of gaining awareness and understanding of psychological problems and conflicts
Psychodynamic therapies	seeking unconscious causes of psychological problems with the assumption that awareness of the cause will provide the cure
Defense mechanisms	unconscious conflicts between the Id and the superego that can generate irrational thinking and behaviours
Free association	clients talk about or write down their thoughts without any constraint or censorship
Dream analysis	seeking to understand the nature of unconscious conflicts based on the contents of a client's dreams
Manifest content of dreams	symbolic way our conscious minds experience our dreams
latent content of dreams	is the deeper meaning of those symbols or events
Resistance	aggressive behaviour and strong emotional reactions that provide clues of an unconscious conflict that the client's conscious mind is reluctant to confront
Transference	psychoanalytic process whereby clients direct the emotional experiences that they are reliving toward the therapist rather than the original person involved in the experience
Object-relations therapy	relying on a client's conscious self-reflection and what they remember about their past to understand the source of their mental health problems; focus on early-childhood experiences and emotional attachments influencing later psychology
Interpersonal psychology	Harry Sullivan; therapist assumes the role of the participant observer, interacting and observing the client to understand any unrealistic expectations the client may have in relationships
Humanistic-existential psychotherapy	people will naturally pursue self-fulfillment if they receive enough support, acceptance and encouragement; therapist plays a supportive role; focus on conscious experience
Conditions of worth	expectations imposed by other people and ourselves that lead us away from reaching our fullest potential
Unconditional positive regard	the therapist accepts non judgementally and supportively all the views that their clients express
Existentialist psychotherapy	confront sources of sadness, discomfort or fear
phenomenological approach	focus on current, ongoing conscious thoughts, perceptions, and feelings instead of unconscious conflicts and long ago experiences
Client-centred therapy	developed by Carl Rogers; focuses on individual's abilities to solve their own problems and reach their full potential with the encouragement of the therapist
Behavioural therapy	address problem behaviours and the environmental factors that trigger them, as directly as possible
Systematic desensitization	eliminating phobias by combining gradual exposure of the phobia with relaxation techniques
Flooding	eliminating phobias through extreme exposure
Virtual Reality Exposure	reducing fear through safe exposure VR technology
Aversive conditioning	a behavioural technique that involves replacing a positive response to a stimulus with a negative one, typically by using punishment
Cognitive behavioural therapy	form of therapy that consists of procedures such as cognitive structuring, stress inoculation training, and exposing people to experiences they may have a tendency to avoid; avoidance tends to reinforce negative feelings that could arise
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy	involves combining mindfulness meditation with standard cognitive behavioural therapy tools; goal to develop greater self awareness through non judgmental self-reflection
Systems approach	an orientation that encourages therapists to see an individual's symptoms as being influenced by many different interacting systems such as the family system
Cognitive restructuring	shows a person how to recognize their irrational thoughts
Stress inoculation	helps to reduce severe emotional reactions experienced under stress
Psychopharmacotherapy	the use of drugs to attempt to manage or reduce client's symptoms; often used in conjunction with some form of therapy
Psychotropic drugs	medications designed to alter psychological functioning; cross the blood brain barrier
Antidepressant drugs	medications designed to elevate mood and reduce other symptoms of depression
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors	the first type of antidepressant used; work by deactivating monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
Tricyclic antidepressant	one of the earliest types of antidepressants on the market; appear to block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors	a class of antidepressant that block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil
Mood stabilizers	are drugs that are used to prevent or reduce severity of mood disorders experienced by people with bipolar disorder Ex: Lithium
Anti anxiety drugs	prescribed to alleviate nervousness and tension and to reduce panic attacks
Antipsychotic drugs	are generally used treat symptoms of psychosis, including delusions, hallucinations, and severely disturbed or disorganized thought
Tardive dyskinesia	a severe and often permanent side effect of antipsychotic drugs; a movement disorder involving involuntary movements and facial tics
Atypical antipsychotics	makers of typical antipsychotics claim that these drugs are less likely to produce extrapyramidal side effects including movement disorders
Frontal Lobotomy	surgically removing regions of the cortex in the hope of curing psychological problems
Leucotomy	surgical destruction of brain tissues in the prefrontal cortex; involves drilling small hole into the skull and typically inserting a small wire loop into the hole and into the brain matter
Focal lesions	small areas of brain tissue that are surgically destroyed
Electroconvulsive therapy	involves passing an electrical current through the brain in order to induce a temporary seizure
Transcranial magnetic stimulation	therapeutic technique in which a focal area of the brain is exposed to a powerful magnetic field; does not involve anesthesia nor does it induce seizures
Deep brain stimulation	a technique that involves electrically stimulating specific regions of the brain; inserting thin electrode-tipped wires into brain and carefully directing them to targeted brain regions

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	Erstellt von Chantal Delaquis vor mehr als 7 Jahre