Psychology AQA GCSE Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

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Stereotype	an oversimplified, generalised set of ideas that we have about others. For example secondary head teachers are strict, intimidating, scary and male
Rubin et al Aim	To find out if new parents stereotype their babies
Rubin et al Method	Parents were asked to describe their new babies within 24 hours of the baby being born
Rubin et al Results	They found that parents of baby boys described their babies as being alert and strong, whereas parents of baby girls described their babies as soft and delicate
Rubin et al Conclusion	Parents stereotype their children from a very early age, despite no stereotypical behaviour being shown.
Role Model	Someone who a child looks up to and is likely to copy
Stereotypes Advantages	-Helpful for making snap judgments when we don't have time to make a full impression -Help remember information about people -Help us to respond appropriately when meeting new people -Enable us to fit in
Stereotypes Disadvantages	-Can stop us from seeing the real person when meeting someone new -Most stereotypes promote harmful images -Once learnt by children they may be difficult to overcome
Prejudice	a rigid set of attitudes or beliefs towards a particular set of people. These are usually negative but not always
Discrimination	The way an individual behaves toward another person or group as a result of their prejudiced views. Usually negative but not always.
Adorno Aim	To find out if there is a relationship between a person's personality type and their prejudiced beliefs
Adorno Method	Hundreds of people were interviewed and tested using the F-scale
Adorno Results	They found a relationship between personality traits and prejudiced beliefs
Adorno Conclusion	There is an authoritarian personality and people with these characteristics are highly likely to be prejudiced against others
Authoritarian Personality	a personality type that is prone to being prejudiced
Sherif Aim	To find out if prejudice develops when groups are in competition for scarce resources
Sherif Method	22 boys in a summer camp were randomly split into two teams who were kept away from each other, unaware that the other team existed. The boys were given time to form a group identity. Then they discovered each other and a series of competitions for a silver cup began.
Sherif Results	Very quickly the teams began unpleasant name calling and began attacking each other
Sherif Conclusion	Competition is a cause of prejudice
In-group	a group of people you believe you have something in common with. E.g. people of the same nationality as you
Out-group	a group of people whom you believe you have nothing in common with
Tajfel Aim	To show how easily people discriminate against their out-groups
Tajfel Method	14-15 year old boys were randomly assigned to two groups. Each boy was given a game to play where he had to award pairs of points. They were told the points could be exchanged for prizes at the end
Tajfel Results	The boys awarded points by choosing the pairings that created the greatest difference between the groups, not the pairings that gave them the most points.
Tajfel Conclusion	People will discriminate against others just because they are members of an out-group
Sherif Reducing Prejudice Aim	To see how Prejudice could be reduced
Sherif Reducing Prejudice Method	Firstly he arranged joint activities (e.g. trips to the cinema) for the two groups. This didn't work =( . Then he arranged for their truck to get stuck in the mud, forcing them to pull the Truck out or be late for Dinner.
Sherif Reducing Prejudice Results	This effectively reduced prejudice as the two groups were forced to collaborate on the same task.
Sherif Reducing Prejudice Conclusion	Co-operation on important tasks is one way of reducing prejudice between groups
Aronson Aim	To reduce prejudice between black and white students in a school in the USA
Aronson Method	He devised the jigsaw method in which students were in a mixed race group and each took responsibility for part of the lesson. They then had to pass on this knowledge to other students in their class
Aronson Results	This enhanced their self-esteem, increased their liking of their classmates and improved their perceptions of other racial groups within the class.
Aronson Conclusion	Having each student responsible for their own and other's learning successfully reduced prejudice
Elliott Aim	To teach her class how it felt like to be victims of discrimination
Elliott Method	Elliott told her class that: blue-eyed children were smarter and better than brown-eyed children and that Brown-eyed children were not allowed to play with blue-eyed children or use the drinking fountain. The next day she reversed the experiment
Elliott Results	The children who were discriminating were delighted, arrogant and became vicious. The children who were discriminated against were sad, confused and withdrawn. Fights broke out between children who were once best friends
Elliott Conclusion	Elliott believed that, by getting the children to experience first hand what it felt like to be victims of prejudice and discrimination, these children would grow up being more tolerant than others
Harwood Aim	To investigate children's views of the elderly
Harwood Method	He asked children and their Grandparents about their relationship. The children were also questioned about their views of elderly people in general
Harwood Results	Children who had regular contact with Grandparents had positive views toward elderly people
Harwood Conclusion	Contact with grandparents is a good predictor of a child's attitudes toward the elderly.

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Psychology AQA GCSE Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination

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