Critical Thinking

Frage	Antworten
Philosophy	Study of fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence.
Metaphysics	Explores fundamental nature of reality.
Ethics/Morals/Politics	Deals with moral responsibility amd human thought/activity.
Epistemology	Theory of knowledge; possibility of something and justified belief vs opinion.
Logic	Study of argument structure and principles of reasoning.
Theory of Ultimate Reality	Absolute nature of all things.
Proposition	Meaning of a sentence which expresses a belief.
Description	Gives information about topic.
Explanation	Truth of statement already accepted but tries to say how it came about.
Narrative	A story.
Argument	Consists of premise, inference and conclusion.
Premise	Reason/s supporting claim.
Inference	Move in reasoning from premise/s to conclusion.
Conclusion	Claim trying to be proved.
Argument Map	Visual representation of logical structure of argument.
Co-premise	Premises which rely on each other to sufficiently support the conclusion.
Deductive	If premises are accepted then conclusion must be true.
Inductive	Premises do not necessarily infer conclusion.
Modus Ponens	If P, then Q. P. Therefore Q.
Modus Tollens	If P, then Q. Not Q. Therefore, not P.
Affirming the Consequent	If P then Q. Q. Therefore P.
Denying the Antecedent	If P then Q. Not P. Therefore, not Q.
Conditional	If P then Q: statement that does not assert P or Q but establishes connection.
Antecedent	Statement that follows 'if' in conditional: P (or something that comes first).
Consequent	Statement that follows 'then' in conditional: Q (or something that comes after).
Valid	Deductive argument (if premises true, impossible for conclusions to be false).
Sound	Valid argument with true premises.
Cogent	Argument with rationally acceptable premises that support conclusion.
Strong Inference	Premises provide extremely strong likelihood that conclusion is true.
a Priori	Claims knowable before and independent of sense-experience.
a Posteriori	Claims are only knowable after or on basis of sense-experience.
Rationalism	Argues it is possible for us to know facts about the world outside our own mind; a priori.
Empiricism	Argues all knowledge of world outside the mind is based on sense-experience; a posteriori.
Analytic	Proposition is true or false simply by virtue of meaning of words.
Synthetic	True or false not simply through meaning of words but through fact.

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