CNS

Frage	Antworten
What is the age of onset of schizophrenia in men and women?	men: 23-28 women 28-32
What are negative symptoms? Give examples	lacking compared to normal eg loss of empathy, inappropriate or blunted mood, repetitive activity, apathy, attentional impairment
What are positive symptoms? Give example	In addition to normal behavior. e.g. hallucinations, delusions
what are the 3 classes of typical antipsychotics?	phenothiazines, thioxanthenes and butyrophenones
What are the extra-pyramidal side effects?	tardive dyskinesias (large involuntary moevments associated with prolonged treatment) and acute dystonias (involuntary movement eg tremor)
What are the atypical antipsychotics?	dibenzodiazepines eg clozapine
What receptor block do extra-pyramidal side effects tend to arise from?	D1 subtype block
What is the mechanism of action for most antipsychotics?	antagonists at D2 subtype
What are the neuronal defects found in patients with schizophrenia?	larger ventricles, smaller cortices
What is the dopamine theory for psychosis?	Compounds that increase dopaminergic signalling eg amphetamines can induce psychosis
What is the glutamate theory of psychosis?	Dysfunction in glutaminergic neurotransmission can cause schizophrenia
What is the effect of nicotine on nicotinic aCh receptors?	It desensitises them and increases their surface expression
What is the role of naltrexone?	It inhibits ethanol consumption and craving in alcoholism
What are the effects of alcohol on GABA A, NMDA, 5HT3 and L-type voltage gated Ca2+ channels?	GABA A & 5HT3=potentiation, inhibit NMDA and L-type voltage gated Ca2+
How do psychostimulants work? Give two examples.What transmitter is their euphoria related to?	They potentiate monoamine transmission by inhibiting the reuptake of 5HT, NA and DA. Eg cocaine and amphetamine. Related to DA effects
How do hallucinogens have an effect? Name two	They are partial agonists at 5HT2A receptors. LSD & mescaline
What is the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis?	tetrahydrocannabinol- agonist at CB1 cannabinoid GPCR
What is drug tolerance?	need for significantly increased dose to achieve the same effect or the reduction in effect with a constant dose
What is drug addiction?	individual engages in compulsive behaviour
What is drug dependence?	An organism only functions properly in the presence of a drug
What is drug abuse?	self administration of drugs beyond the approved cultural norms
What is the mechanism of action for caffiene?	Competitive antagonists at adenosine A1 & A2A
How is caffeine supposed to protect against parkinsons disease?	It is believed to protect dopaminergic neurons from degeneration
name the 10 symptoms of depression	- significant weight change (5% in a month) -sleep disturbance -fatigue/loss of energy -depressed/irratable mood -reduced interest in pleasurable activities -psychomotor agitation -loss of self worth -excessive guilt -diminished ability to think -suicidal thoughts
What are the additional symptoms of mania?	delusions and hallucinations
What is the mechanism of action for monamine oxidase inhibitiors?	block breakdown of 5-HT and NA in the synapse so there are increased levels avaliable to bind to the receptor
What is the mechanism of action for Tricyclic antidepressants? Give an example?	They block the reuptake of 5-HT and NA from the synapse. Dibenzazepines eg desipramine
What is the mechanism of action for SSRI's? Give an example	They selectively inhibit the reuptake of 5-HT from the synapse. Fluoxetine
What is the mechanism of action of Buproprion?	Inhibits the reuptake of DA
What drug class cause the cheese reaction as a side effect?	monoamine oxidase inhibitors
What is the side effect caused by st johns wort?	Induces metabolism of other drugs
What are the side effects of MAOIs?	cheese reaction, atropine like (dry mouth), postural hypotension, tremor
What are the side effects of Tricyclic antidepressants?	postural hypotension, atropine-like, sedative, dysrhythmias
What is the role of astrocytes?	Maintain nutrition and regulate ionic concs-also play a role in neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism
What is the role of oligodendrocytes?	Produce myelin that insulates nerve cell membranes
What is the role of microglia?	Act like macrophages scavenging unwanted materials from the brain. Proliferation in disease states
Ionotropic (ligand-gated ion channel) examples	nicotinic Ach, NMDA glutamate, 5-HT3 & GABA A
What is the role of Amphetamine?	promotes release of DA from vesicles
Does serotonin increase or decrease anxiety?	increases
What is the difference between sedatives and hypnotics?	sedatives reduce alertness and can produce sleep, hypnotics induce the natural sleep process
Name the 3 current anxiolytic drug classes used?	Benzodiazepines, azapirones, bartiturates
What is the mechanism of action for benzodiazepines?	Binds GABA A receptors elsewhere on the receptor to where GABA binds= increases GABA signalling.
What are the effects of benzodiazepines?	sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics & anticonvulsant
What is the mechanism of action for azapirones?	They are agonists/partial agonists 5-HT 1A presynaptic receptors inhibiting serotonin signalling by inhibiting adenylate cyclase
What is the effect of azapirones?	just anxiolytic
What is the mechanism of action for barbiturates?	Binds GABA A receptors=increased signalling
What are the effects of barbiturates?	aanxiolytic and sedative
How long do azapirones take to have an effect?	1-3 weeks
Why is the response inhibtory when GABA binds to its GABA A receptor?	The receptor is permeable to Cl- ions and therefore causes hyper polarisation
What is the average age of onset for major unipolar depression? What is it for bipolar?	35-45/ ~30 for bipolar

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