272- Cardiac Output

Frage	Antworten
When is CO maintained by increased HR and increased SV?	During the early stages of exercise.
During the early stages of exercise, CO is maintained by what?	Increased HR and increased SV
When is CO maintained by increased HR only?	During the late stages of exercise.
During the late stages of exercise, CO is maintained by what?	CO is maintained by increased HR only (SV plateaus).
What is preferentially shortened with increased HR?	Diastole is preferentially shortened with increased HR; less filling time leads to increased CO (eg, ventricular tachycardia).
Diastole is preferentially shortened with what? What can this lead to?	Diastole is preferentially shortened with increased HR; less filling time leads to increased CO (eg, ventricular tachycardia).
Stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR) = ?	CO
What is the Fick principle?	CO = (rate of O2 consumption)/ (arterial O2 content − venous O2 content)
How do you calculate the mean arterial pressure from the CO and TPR?	Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = CO × total peripheral resistance (TPR)
CO x TPR = ?	Mean arterial pressure (MAP) = CO × total peripheral resistance (TPR)
How do you calculate MAP from diastolic pressure and systolic pressure?	MAP = 2 ⁄3 diastolic pressure + 1⁄3 systolic pressure
2 ⁄3 diastolic pressure + 1⁄3 systolic pressure = ?	MAP
Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure = ?	Pulse pressure
How do you calculate pulse pressure from systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?	Pulse pressure = systolic pressure – diastolic pressure
Pulse pressure is proportional to what? And inversely proportional to what?	Pulse pressure is proportional to SV, inversely proportional to arterial compliance.
How do you calculate SV from EDV and ESV?	SV = end-diastolic volume (EDV) − end-systolic volume (ESV)
End-diastolic volume (EDV) − end-systolic volume (ESV) = ?	SV
There is increased pulse pressure in what conditions?	Increased pulse pressure in hyperthyroidism, aortic regurgitation, aortic stiffening (isolated systolic hypertension in elderly), obstructive sleep apnea (increased sympathetic tone), exercise (transient).
There is decreased pulse pressure in what conditions?	Decreased pulse pressure in aortic stenosis, cardiogenic shock, cardiac tamponade, advanced heart failure (HF).
Increased pulse pressure or decreased pulse pressure? Hyperthyroidism	Increased
Increased pulse pressure or decreased pulse pressure? aortic regurgitation	Increased
Increased pulse pressure or decreased pulse pressure? aortic stiffening (isolated systolic hypertension in elderly)	Increased
Increased pulse pressure or decreased pulse pressure? obstructive sleep apnea (increased sympathetic tone)	Increased
Increased pulse pressure or decreased pulse pressure? Exercise (transient)	Increased
Increased pulse pressure or decreased pulse pressure? Aortic stenosis	Decreased
Increased pulse pressure or decreased pulse pressure? cardiogenic shock	Decreased
Increased pulse pressure or decreased pulse pressure? Cardiac tamponade	Decreased
Increased pulse pressure or decreased pulse pressure? Advanced heart failure (HF)	Decreased

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