279 - Heart Murmurs | Karteikarten

Frage	Antworten
Describe Aortic Stenosis Heart Murmurs	Crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur (ejection click may be present). LV >> aortic pressure during systole. Loudest at heart base; radiates to carotids. “Pulsus parvus et tardus”—pulses are weak with a delayed peak. Can lead to Syncope, Angina, and Dyspnea on exertion (SAD). Most commonly due to age-related calcification in older patients (> 60 years old) or in younger patients with early-onset calcification of bicuspid aortic valve.
In Aortic Stenosis, the murmur is loudest where? And where does it radiate to?	Loudest at heart base; radiates to carotids.
In Aortic Stenosis, the pulses are weak with a delayed what?	“Pulsus parvus et tardus”—pulses are weak with a delayed peak.
Aortic Stenosis can lead to what? What is the mnemonic device to remember?	Can lead to Syncope, Angina, and Dyspnea on exertion (SAD).
Aortic Stenosis is most commonly do to what?	Most commonly due to age-related calcification in older patients (> 60 years old) or in younger patients with early-onset calcification of bicuspid aortic valve.
Describe Mitral Regurgitation Murmurs	Holosystolic, high-pitched “blowing murmur.” Mitral—loudest at apex and radiates toward axilla. MR is often due to ischemic heart disease (post-MI), MVP, LV dilatation. Rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis can cause either MR or TR.
Describe Tricuspid Regurgitation Murmurs	Holosystolic, high-pitched “blowing murmur.” Tricuspid—loudest at tricuspid area. TR commonly caused by RV dilatation. Rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis can cause either MR or TR.
What can cause either Mitral regurgitation or Tricuspid regurgitation?	Rheumatic fever and infective endocarditis can cause either MR or TR.
Where is the murmur loudest in Mitral regurgitation? Where does it radiate to?	Mitral—loudest at apex and radiates toward axilla.
Mitral regurgitation is often due to what?	MR is often due to ischemic heart disease (post-MI), MVP, LV dilatation.
Where is the murmur loudest in Tricuspid regurgitation?	Loudest at tricuspid area
What commonly causes Tricuspid regurgitation?	TR commonly caused by RV dilatation.
Describe Mitral Valve Prolapse Murmurs	Late systolic crescendo murmur with midsystolic click (MC; due to sudden tensing of chordae tendineae). Most frequent valvular lesion. Best heard over apex. Loudest just before S2. Usually benign. Can predispose to infective endocarditis. Can be caused by myxomatous degeneration (1° or 2° to connective tissue disease such as Marfan or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome), rheumatic fever, chordae rupture.
What is the most frequent valvular lesion?	Mitral valve prolapse
Where are mitral valve prolapse murmurs best heard?	Over the apex
When are mitral valve prolapse murmurs loudest?	Loudest just before S2.
What can mitral valve prolapse predispose someone to?	Can predispose to infective endocarditis.
What can mitral valve prolapse be caused by?	Can be caused by myxomatous degeneration (1° or 2° to connective tissue disease such as Marfan or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome), rheumatic fever, chordae rupture.
Describe Ventricular Septal Defect	Holosystolic, harsh-sounding murmur. Loudest at tricuspid area.
Where is a ventricular septal defect loudest?	Loudest at tricuspid area.
Describe Aortic Regurgitation Murmurs	High-pitched “blowing” early diastolic decrescendo murmur. Long diastolic murmur, hyperdynamic pulse, and head bobbing when severe and chronic. Wide pulse pressure. Often due to aortic root dilation, bicuspid aortic valve, endocarditis, rheumatic fever. Progresses to left HF.
What is aortic regurgitation often due to?	Often due to aortic root dilation, bicuspid aortic valve, endocarditis, rheumatic fever.
What does aortic regurgitation progress to?	Progresses to left HF
Describe Mitral Stenosis	Follows opening snap (OS; due to abrupt halt in leaflet motion in diastole, after rapid opening due to fusion at leaflet tips). Delayed rumbling mid-to-late diastolic murmur (decreased interval between S2 and OS correlates with increased severity). LA >> LV pressure during diastole. Often a late (and highly specific) sequela of rheumatic fever. Chronic MS can result in LA dilatation.
Mitral stenosis is often a late sequela of what?	Often a late (and highly specific) sequela of rheumatic fever.
Chronic mitral stenosis can result in what?	Chronic MS can result in LA dilatation.
Describe Patent Ductus Arteriosus Murmurs	Continuous machine-like murmur. Loudest at S2. Often due to congenital rubella or prematurity. Best heard at left infraclavicular area.
When are Patent ductus arteriosus murmurs loudest?	Loudest at S2
Patent Ductus Arteriosus is often due to what?	Often due to congenital rubella or prematurity.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus is best heard where?	Best heard at left infraclavicular area.
What type of heart murmur is described below? Crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur (ejection click may be present).	Aortic stenosis
What type of heart murmur is described below? LV >> aortic pressure during systole.	Aortic stenosis
What type of heart murmur is described below? Loudest at heart base; radiates to carotids.	Aortic stenosis
What type of heart murmur is described below? “Pulsus parvus et tardus”—pulses are weak with a delayed peak.	Aortic stenosis
What type of heart murmur is described below? Can lead to Syncope, Angina, and Dyspnea on exertion (SAD).	Aortic stenosis
What type of heart murmur is described below? Most commonly due to agerelated calcification in older patients (> 60 years old) or in younger patients with early-onset calcification of bicuspid aortic valve.	Aortic stenosis
What type of heart murmur is described below? Holosystolic, high-pitched “blowing murmur.”	Mitral/tricuspid regurgitation
What type of heart murmur is described below? Loudest at apex and radiates toward axilla.	Mitral regurgitation
What type of heart murmur is described below? Is often due to ischemic heart disease (post-MI), MVP, LV dilatation.	Mitral regurgitation
What type of heart murmur is described below? Loudest at tricuspid area.	Tricuspid Regurgitation and Ventricular Septal Defect
What type of heart murmur is described below? Commonly caused by RV dilatation.	Tricuspid regurgitation
What type of heart murmur is described below? Late systolic crescendo murmur with midsystolic click (MC; due to sudden tensing of chordae tendineae).	Mitral valve prolapse
What type of heart murmur is described below? Best heard over apex. Loudest just before S2. Usually benign.	Mitral valve prolapse.
What type of heart murmur is described below? Can predispose to infective endocarditis.	Mitral valve prolapse.
What type of heart murmur is described below? Can be caused by myxomatous degeneration (1° or 2° to connective tissue disease such as Marfan or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome), rheumatic fever, chordae rupture.	Mitral valve prolapse.
What type of heart murmur is described below? Holosystolic, harsh-sounding murmur.	Ventricular septal defect
What type of heart murmur is described below? High-pitched “blowing” early diastolic decrescendo murmur.	Aortic regurgitation
What type of heart murmur is described below? Long diastolic murmur, hyperdynamic pulse, and head bobbing when severe and chronic.	Aortic regurgitation
What type of heart murmur is described below? Wide pulse pressure	Aortic regurgitation
What type of heart murmur is described below? Often due to aortic root dilation, bicuspid aortic valve, endocarditis, rheumatic fever.	Aortic regurgitation
What type of heart murmur is described below? Progresses to left HF.	Aortic regurgitation
What type of heart murmur is described below? Follows opening snap (OS; due to abrupt halt in leaflet motion in diastole, after rapid opening due to fusion at leaflet tips).	Mitral stenosis
What type of heart murmur is described below? Delayed rumbling mid-to-late diastolic murmur (decreased interval between S2 and OS correlates with increased severity).	Mitral stenosis
What type of heart murmur is described below? LA >> LV pressure during diastole.	Mitral stenosis
What type of heart murmur is described below? Often a late (and highly specific) sequela of rheumatic fever.	Mitral stenosis
What type of heart murmur is described below? Chronically, can result in LA dilatation.	Mitral stenosis
What type of heart murmur is described below? Continuous machine-like murmur.	Patent ductus arteriosus
What type of heart murmur is described below? Loudest at S2	Patent ductus arteriosus
What type of heart murmur is described below? Often due to congenital rubella or prematurity.	Patent ductus arteriosus
What type of heart murmur is described below? Best heard at left infraclavicular area.	Patent ductus arteriosus
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Aortic stenosis
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Mitral/tricuspid regurgitation and Ventricular septal defect
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Mitral valve prolapse
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Aortic regurgitation
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Mitral stenosis
Image: Capture (image/jpeg)	Patent ductus arteriosus

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