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Beschreibung
Karteikarten von Sofia Curtis, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Erstellt von Sofia Curtis
vor mehr als 7 Jahre
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| Frage | Antworten |
| The nobility | - Become more peaceable - Less concerned with defence - Sought to enhance their prestige by engaging in massive building projects to receive the Queen on her royal progresses |
| The gentry | - Encompassed a wide social range from knights to local landowners - County gentlemen and esquires who dominated local government - Grew in size under Elizabeth and proportion who were wealthy increased |
| The class gap | - The gap between the rich and poor widened - Beginnings of a consumer society amongst prosperous members of the landed, mercantile and professional classes - Poorest section of society found themselves vulnerable to enclosure and persistent decline in real wages |
| Poverty and poor relief | - Later years of Elizabeth's reign saw further measures to relieve poverty: - Act 1572 established principle that local ratepayers should be required to pay a rate for the relief of their own poor - Poor Law Act 1576, first act to attempt to create a national system of poor relief to be financed and administered locally, towns required to make provision for the employment of deserving poor - Elizabethan Poor Law Act 1601, parish designated as institution required to raise the rates for and administrate poor relief, each parish was to appoint an overseer of the poor |
| Treatment of the 'underserving' poor | - Seen as lazy - Treatment remained harsh - Extremely repressive and unenforceable Act against vagrancy 1547 but it was quickly repealed - Notion remained that the underserving poor should be whipped - 1572 Act added branding to range of punishments available - 1597 Act was passed which allowed first time offenders to be whipped and sent back to parish of birth and repeat offenders could be executed |
| How far was Elizabeth in control of her realm? | - Compared to France or Spain, England was a much more united state and generally more peaceful - There was confidence in social order and peace |
| Elizabeth and Ireland | - Elizabeth believed Ireland should be subjected to policy of 'Englishness' in both religious and secular matters - She lacked the power to enforce Protestantism on a population that was largely Catholic, mostly Gaelic in language and whose laws differed greatly |
| Rebellions in Ireland | - Broke out in south of Ireland against English rule 1569-1573 and 1579-1582 - Relations were further soured by the brutal response of Lord Deputy of Ireland to the latter - Most significant was the 3rd rebellion, dangerous to Elizabeth as it was heavily linked to on-going conflict with Spain |
| Rebellion under the Earl of Tyrone | - Centered on Ulster - Spanish tried to exploit the situation by including and Irish contingent of the Armada of 1596, this failed but caused unease - Made worse when the rebels victorious at the Battle of Yellow Ford 1598 |
| Elizabeth's response to Tyrone | - Looked like Tyrone would be successful in establishing an independent, Catholic Ireland that would then turn to Spain - Elizabeth turned to Earl of Essex and sent him to Ireland as Lord Lieutenant 1559 - Essex was ready to defy the Queen's orders: chose to make a truce and return to Court rather than confront Tyrone |
| The defeat of Tyrone | - As soon as the truce ended Tyrone moved to south-west of Cork hoping to link up with a Spanish army - Seemed that Tyrone would be saved by the landing of 3000 Spanish troops September 1601 - English triumphed in Battle of Kinsale Christmas Eve 1601 - Tyrone retreated back to Ulster and negotiated a peace |
| Wales | - Border security was no longer a significant problem: - Structure of the border administration, most importantly the Council of Wales and the Marches, remained in operation - Welsh language disappeared in government but was preserved in religion - Poverty remained endemic across Wales, disproportionate number of Welshmen implicated in the Essex rebellion suggests discontent at the end of her reign |
| The North of England | - Remained troublesome, as long as Scotland remained an independent country the possibility of border conflict remained - Traditionally border administration was placed in the hands of the great Northern families but Henry VIII moved away from this and Elizabeth continued it |
| The problem in the North | - Using Nobles from the South was unsuccessful in administrating the border - Elizabeth often had to use the second-rank of nobility as border wardens - Border security became an issue after 1569 rebellion as some of the leaders escaped to Scotland - 1578-1585 when grip on power of Protestant Lords in Scotland was weak, governing borders was a key issue |
| The Council of the North | - Key body in regards to the maintenance of law and order in North - After rebellion in 1569 it was reconstituted in 1572 and placed under the control of the Earl of Huntingdon - He was a strong Puritan, a distinct advantage as Catholics were seen as potential enemies |
| Social discontent | - North was relatively peaceful, even 1569 rebellion had little to do with social and economic aspirations of the poor - Mid 1590s: severe harvest failure, rising prices and outbreaks of plague however social stability still held up - Food riots took place in London, Kent, Hampshire and Norfolk - Authorities reacted harshly to the 'Oxfordshire Rising' 1596, reflection of the government's fear of social discontent even though the threat was not significant |
| Culture and learning | - Considerable flourishing in many aspects of culture - Art: Formal portraits remained important, trend continued down into gentry and merchant classes, golden age for architecture - Literature/Theatre: emergence of highly literate and often sophisticated viewing and reading public, Shakespeare, sometimes plays had a direct political connection (Richard III) - Music: flourished in many forms, Renaissance convention laid down that courtiers should be skilled musically, many towns had official bands that performed on formal occasions |
| Intellectual and educational developments | - Renaissance thinking and writing continued to develop - Clear that many could read and not write - More opportunities to learn to read - Reformation provided incentive as both Catholics and Protestants wanted to read the Bible |
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