B7 | Karteikarten

Frage	Antworten
Name the four functions of our skeleton	To support our body/keep it upright, to protect vital organs, blood production and movement
What happens to the proteins in muscles when they contract?	The proteins react together, pulling the two ends of the muscle closer together
How does cross-sectional area affect the strength of a muscle?	The larger the cross-sectional area, the greater the force a muscle can pull with
What happens to their shape when muscles relax?	They are pulled longer
What is an antagonistic pair?	A pair of muscles that work in opposite directions e.g. the biceps and the triceps
What joins a muscle to a bone?	A tendon
What is a synovial joint?	A joint that holds bones together but allows them to move
Give at least three examples of synovial joints in the body	Shoulders, elbows, hips, knees, fingers etc.
What is synovial fluid?	A membrane that lines the inside of a synovial joint and encapsulates it, producing a slippery fluid called synovial fluid
What is articular cartilage?	Shiny, smooth and hard - it stops the ends of the bones wearing away at each other when they move
What are ligaments?	They join bones together and keep the joint stable - they can bend and stretch slightly
What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?	Ligaments are elastic but tendons do not stretch at all
What happens in a dislocated joint?	The bones do not fit together in the correct way
Explain how a sportsperson might reduce the risk of getting injured	Wear safety equipment, warm up before competing, avoiding dangerous play
What are the two key factors in measuring risk?	How likely an injury is to occur and how serious it is likely to be
What does BMI stand for?	Body Mass Index
What is the formula for BMI?	BMI = body mass/(height)2
What does calculating your BMI tell you?	How appropriate your weight is for a healthy life
How could someone with a normal body weight be unhealthy?	If they have too high a proportion of fat to muscle in their body
What can be used to summarise numerical data?	averages
What does repeatability mean?	Data that is consistent when other scientists repeat the same tests
What happens to your heart rate and blood pressure when you exercise?	They increase
Why do we need to increase blood supply to the lungs when we exercise?	Blood delivers glucose and oxygen that the muscle cells need for respiration
What is the formula for approximate maximum heart rate in bpm?	220 minus age in years
What is the recovery period?	Period after exercise where the heart beats at a higher rate than usual in order to clear waste products from the muscles
Give at least three examples of common injuries that could occur during a marathon.	Sprains, dislocation, torn ligaments, blisters, torn tendons
When does a sprain occur?	When the ligaments are stretched too much or torn in severe cases
What is a dislocation?	When ball and socket joints are out of place
(P)RICE is said to be common treatment for a sprain. What does it stand for?	Protect, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
What does a physiotherapist do?	Help an athlete strengthen damaged joints by providing exercises
Name the four tasks of the heart	-Collect deoxygenated blood at low pressure from body -Pump deoxygenated blood to lungs -Collect oxygenated blood at high pressure from lungs -Push oxygenated blood to body
Which side of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from the body?	RIGHT SIDE
Which side collects oxygenated blood from the lungs?	LEFT SIDE
What is meant by having a 'double circulation system'?	The heart pumps the blood twice for each trip around the body
Which part of the heart sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs?	Pulmonary artery
Which part of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from the body?	Vena cava
Which part of the heart sends oxygenated blood to the body?	Aorta
Which part of the body collects oxygenated blood from the lungs?	Pulmonary vein
What are capillaries?	Thin, single-celled tissues that allow blood transfer to muscles
What structure prevents backflow of blood?	Valve
Explain at least three features of red blood cells	-No nucleus -Contain haemoglobin -Carry oxygen for respiration -Smooth shape
Explain two features of white blood cells	-Recognise invading cells and swallow them up -Produce antibodies
What is the function of platelets?	To help blood clot at injuries
What is plasma?	A fluid that carries important substances around the body
Name the four types of substance that plasma carries around the body	Nutrients, antibodies, hormones and waste substances
Name at least three specific chemicals transported by the plasma	Glucose (for energy), amino acids and fats (nutrients for cells), antibodies (proteins), salts (concentration) hormones, urea and C02 (waste)
What is the name given to the fluid that escapes from the capillaries?	Tissue fluid
Why is tissue fluid important?	Essential foods and oxygen diffuse out of fluid and into cells, waste products diffuse into fluid and out of capillaries to be transported away
How does tissue fluid get back into the blood stream?	Through the lymph vessel
What mineral does haemoglobin contain?	Iron
What happens to haemoglobin in areas of high oxygen concentration?	It reacts with the oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
What happens to oxyhaemoglobin when it reaches areas of low oxygen concentration?	It breaks down (into oxygen and haemoglobin) to release oxygen to where it is needed
Give an example of where oxyhaemoglobin might break down	An active muscle
Explain how the shape of a red blood cell makes it perfectly adapted to carry oxygen around the body	No nucleus - whole cell packed full of haemoglobin Biconcave disc shape - perfect for gas exchange (large surface area) and good shape to slide past each other in the blood stream
What two minerals do we lose through sweat?	Potassium and sodium
What is dehydration?	The body has lost too much water and important minerals through sweating which have not been replaced
How does sweating cool us down?	The water evaporates, using heat energy from our skin to turn liquid water into vapour. This cools the skin.
What is the name of the process in which small blood vessels that supply the capillaries of the skin widen to allow more blood to flow?	Vasodilation
In what conditions does vasodilation occur?	When the body is too hot
What is vasoconstriction?	When blood vessels get narrower, restricting blood flow to the skin to reduce heat loss
When does vasoconstriction occur?	When the body is cold
How does the brain respond to low temperatures?	Causing muscles to shiver, diverting blood from cold shell into warm core of body (vital organs), stopping any sweating
Name at least three ways in which the body responds to low blood temperatures	Not sweating, vasoconstriction, more clothes, moving to warmer area, shivering, respiration of extra glucose for heat
Name at least three ways in which the body responds to high temperatures	Sweating, vasodilation, resting, removing clothing, fanning body, moving to cooler area
What is hypothermia?	When body temperature drops below 35degrees
What part of the brain monitors blood temperature?	Hypothalamus
What does the hormone insulin do?	Encourages cells to take glucose out of the blood and convert it into other substances for storage
Which organ produces insulin?	Pancreas
When is insulin produced?	When there is an increase in the body's blood sugar levels
What can happen in extreme circumstances when glucose levels get too low?	The person can fall into a coma - very deep sleep
Which type of diabetes is caused by environmental factors?	Type 2
What is the treatment for Type 1 diabetes?	Insulin injections
What is the treatment for Type 2 diabetes?	Dietary improvements and more exercise
What is a negative feedback loop?	A response to any change in the body's environment
What happens in open loops?	Wastes from one part of the process leave the loop, they cannot be used again.
What happens in closed loops?	Wastes from one part of the process become the raw materials for the next part of the process. It is an ongoing loop.
Give three examples of closed loops in nature.	The carbon cycle, the oxygen cycle and the nitrogen cycle
Why is the cycle of crude oil said to be a lop-sided loop?	Because humans are producing much more carbon dioxide per year than is being used up by the growth of plants.
Why is no system a perfect closed loop?	All ecosystems have slight 'leaks' - humans might use rainforests for timber or cut trees down for housing etc.
Give three ways in which vegetation can protect the soil	Leaves and stems reduce the force of rain, vegetation soaks up water from the soil, roots hold the soil together
What is transpiration?	The process in which water passes up from the roots of a plant and evaporates into the atmosphere through the leaves
Why is transpiration important to the weather?	The process means that rainforests contribute to the production of clouds and rain. If rainforests are cut down, weather becomes more unpredictable.
What ecological services does the environment offer humans?	Supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural
Why do minerals stay in the soil for longer in the temperate environment of the UK as opposed to the tropics?	Plants grow faster in the warm, wet and sunny environment of the tropics
What is the slash-and-burn process of agriculture?	Cutting down trees to make fields - best trees used for timber and the rest burned
What are the effects of the slash-and-burn process?	Ecological services provided by rainforest lost, blocks rivers, leads to desertification as protective vegetation layer lost
What happens to domestic refuse?	It is buried underground or burnt
What happens to faeces?	It is cleaned at sewage works and the remains passed into rivers
What happens to waste gases?	The pass into the atmosphere and spread out to safe levels
What does the damage done by waste depend on?	How much is produced, how dangerous it is and how quickly the environment can deal with it
What does sewage provide to the ecosystem?	An input of nitrogen-rich compounds
Why are algal blooms (excess of algae) a problem for marine ecosystems?	They use up all the oxygen in the water
What is eutrophication?	The process in which oxygen in the water is used up
What is the name given to the process in which the concentration of poison increases up the trophic levels of a food chain?	Bioaccumulation
Why do Scottish loch farmers add pesticides to the fish farms?	To prevent the diseases that are likely to spread due to the number of fish kept in close proximity to one another
What does stock biomass mean in terms of fishing?	The mass of fish that are old enough to produce eggs
What is overfishing?	When more fish are being taken from the sea than can be replaced during the breeding season
What do government quotas to control overfishing control?	The number of days a fishing fleet can go out every year and the minimum size of fish that can be taken
Explain at least three useful features of microorganisms	Simple biochemistry, fast reproductive rate, farmed on large scale, can be genetically engineered, few ethical concerns
Name at least three useful products of microorganisms and their uses	Vitamin B12 (vitamins) Protease (enzymes) Pectinases (fruit juice extraction) Ethanol (alcohol) Chymosin (enzymes) Penicillin (antibiotic)
Why are bacteria difficult to harvest?	Because their cells are so small
Why do drug companies use fermenters?	To grow microorganisms on a large scale
What is the name given to a chemical that kills certain plants but not others?	Selective herbicide
Explain how genetic engineers have produced a safe and powerful herbicide	Adding genes to crop plants that make them resistant - unaffected by herbicides
What is the process of recombinant DNA?	The combining of DNA from different sources
What is a vector used for?	To transfer a gene from one organism to the other
Give two examples of vectors	Plasmids and viruses
What is a plasmid?	A circular DNA molecule found in some bacteria
How are genes transferred using plasmids?	They are modified with a useful gene and then inserted into another microorganism
Why are viruses used to transfer genes?	They can inject DNA directly into another cell and then duplicate the DNA as if it were its own
Explain the process of genomic testing	DNA probe can bind to a specific gene, labelled with a chemical that glows in UV light, mixed with DNA sample and glows if a certain gene is present
What features do the nanoparticles that are used in some food packaging have?	They change (sometimes colour) if packaging is damaged or if the temperature rises above a certain level - some can even detect contaminants in food
What is the name of the device that tells the human heart when to beat and shocks the heart into beating if it needs it?	Pacemaker
Give the two features of stem cells	They can reproduce to create identical cells and can differentiate into any sort of cell if required
What do you call someone who criticises grammatical mistakes in examtime flashcards?	Image: snake (image/png)

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