Animals produce endogenous circadian rhythms that last about a day
The dominant zeitegeber for land animals is light.
Blind and deaf animals do not have circadian rhythms
The biological clock depends on part of the hypothalamus, called the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Changes in EEG waves occur when neurons fire in synchrony
Dreams only occur during REM sleep
The regular use of tranquillisers can result in insomnia
Narcolepsy is a condition characterised by frequent periods of sleepiness during the day
In general, animals that have the most total sleep also have the highest percentage of REM sleep
The activation-synthesis theory of dreams argues that dreams are the result of random brain activity
If a migratory bird is kept in a laboratory room with constant temperature and 12 hours of light each day, when does it show migratory readiness?
At approximately the correct time of year for migration
At random intervals throughout the year
Steadily at all times
Never
Circadian cycles are to _____ as circannual cycles are to _____.
Mating; hibernating
Daily; yearly
Light-Dark; temperature
Endogenous; exogenous
Which of the following is most clearly under the control of a circadian rhythm in most animals?
Migration
Mating
Sleep
Storage of body fat
A human's body temperature over the course of 24 hours is usually highest:
Mid to late afternoon
In the middle of the night
About the time of awakening
Mid-morning
Mammals have circadian rhythms:
For sleep and body temperature only
For a variety of activities, including sleep
Only for their sleep/activity cycle
Only for frequency of eating and drinking
What happens if people are put in an environment that is constantly light?
They complain that they have difficulty waking up
They follow a cycle closer to 28 hours than to 24 hours
It does not affect them in any way
They complain that they cannot sleep
An astronaut orbiting the dart experiences 45-minute periods of daylight alternating with 45 minutes of darkness. What is likely to happen?
They are able to sleep during rest periods
They sleep poorly during rest periods
The alternating patterns allow for normal rhythm development
They are fully alert during wakeful periods
What happens if people live in an environment in which the cycle of light and dark is other than 24 hours?
They adjust better if the cycle is close to 24 (e.g., 25)
They fail to adjust at all
Within a few days, they adjust to waking and sleeping on the new schedule, whatever it is
They adjust better if the cycle is some multiple of 24 (e.g., 48)
Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to:
Have them eat a big meal before going to sleep
Allow them to catnap
Expose them to bright lights while they work
Keep the environmental temperature constant from night to day
The surest way to disrupt the biological clock is to damage the:
Lateral hypothalamus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Substantia nigra
Caudate nucleus
The suprachiasmatic nucleus is found in the:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
The role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of biological rhythms is to:
Generate the circadian rhythm
Generate the circannual rhythm
Coordinate several biological clocks
Feed visual information to the biological clock
The input form the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, responsible for shifting the phase of the circadian rhythm, originates from:
Cones and rods equally
Rods only
Cones only
Ganglion cells that are not connected to any cones or rods
Slow-wave sleep is comprised of:
Stage 3 and 4
REM sleep
Alpha wave sleep
Stages 1 and 2
EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because:
Neurons are becoming more desynchronised
Blood flow is increasing
The EEG measures muscle tension, which also decreases
Neurons are becoming more synchronised
During REM sleep, the EEG shows:
Regular, low-voltage slow waves
Irregular, low voltage fast waves
Regular, high-voltage slow waves
Irregular, high-voltage slow waves
During sleep, what happens in the brain?
Decreased firing by dopamine neurons
Increased firing by GABA neurons
Cessation of spontaneous activity in neurons
Increased firing by dopamine neurons
What are the dreamlike experiences at the onset of sleep that are difficult to distinguish from reality?
Occipital illusions
Pseudo-psychedelic visions
Hypnagogic hallucinations
Idiopathic-hallucinations
Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to:
Insomnia
Periodic limb movement disorder
Sleep apnea
Narcolepsy
According to the evolutionary perspective of sleep, the primary function of sleep is to:
Restore body functions that were exhausted during wakefulness
Enable the person to re-experience, in dreams, the events of the past
Conserve energy
Promote brain development
Research suggests that _____ sleep is the most important for strengthening memories of motor skills
Deep
REM
Stage II
Stage I
During dreaming, which of the following area(s) continue to be highly active?
The areas of the prefrontal cortex that are key to working memory
The primary visual cortex and primary auditory cortex
The hypothalamus, amygdala, and other emotional areas
The primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus
A free-running rhythm is a rhythm that:
Occurs when specific stimuli reset or alter it
Occurs when stimuli do not alter it
Occurs when stimuli reset or alter it
Occurs when no stimuli reset or alter it
After damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body:
Cannot generate biological rhythms
Still has rhythms in synchrony with environmental patterns of light and dark
Still has rhythms, but they are less consistent
Still has rhythms, but they can only be reset by artificial light
Generate circannual rhythms
The retinohypothalamic pathway receives input from the:
Retinal ganglion cells that respond directly to light
Occipital cortex
SCN
LGN
When do secretions of melatonin begin?
Just before a person wakes
When body temperature is at its lowest
When body temperature is at its highest
A couple of hours before a person naturally falls asleep
Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity?
NREM sleep
Nightmares
Relaxed wakefulness
Periods of great excitement
What are symptoms of paradoxical sleep?
Alpha waves
Stages 3 and 4
The _____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain
Reticular formation
Tectum
Tegmentum
In response to meaningful events, the locus coeruleus releases:
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
REM sleep is associated with:
Tension and activity of the postural muscles
PGO waves in the brain
A highly synchronised EEG pattern
Decreased heart rate
Sleep apnea is:
Involuntary movements of the arms and legs during sleep
Inability to breathe while sleeping
Tendency to fall asleep suddenly during the day
Same as sleep-talking
What is narcolepsy?
Sleepwalking
The inability to breathe while sleeping
Involuntary movements of the limbs while sleeping
Sudden periods of sleepiness during the day
The biological clock depends on part of the hypothalamus called the:
a. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
b. Superior colliculus
c. Substantia nigra
d. Inferior colliculus
Which stage of sleep involves sleep spindles, K-complexes and bursts of 12-14 Hz waves
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stages 3 & 4
d. REM sleep
Which of the following are possible reasons for why we sleep FALSE?
a. To save energy
b. To improve memory
c. To make sense of the world
d. To help us predict the future