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In late pregnancy most women experience oedema of the ( lower extremities, nose and lips, breasts )
This is due to the effects of ( progesterone, relaxin, oestrogen ) relaxing vascular tone, impeding of the venous return by the ( gravid uterus, small intestine, displaced liver ); and the effect of ( gravity, stress, oxytocin ).
The peripheral circulatory volume per limb is increase by ( 500 - 600ml., very little., 1,500 - 2,000ml. )
The extent of oedema is increase in ( hypertensive, hypotensive ) women.
When pregnant women take on fluids it appears to ( increase, decrease ) the leg volume and expected diuresis is delayed until the woman ( lies down, exercises, drinks tea and eats cake ). Therefore there is an increase in ( nocturia, haemorrhoids ).
Blood pressure ( not measurable, increased ) on the side of ( placental implantation, the appendix ) and oedema may also be more marked in the ( leg, breast ) on the side of placental implantation.
The effect of increase venous pressure is to increase the incidence and severity of varicose veins of the legs, vulva and haemorrhoids.