The Gastrointestinal System- Physiology- PMU

Question 1 of 113

1

The term ‘metabolism’:

Select one of the following:

refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
includes the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones
includes the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones
includes anabolism and catabolism
all of the above

Explanation

Question 2 of 113

1

Which of the following statements concerning energy storage in the body is true?

Select one of the following:

most is stored in the form of ATP
most is stored in the form of glucose
most is stored in the form of fat
most is stored in the form of protein
most is stored in the form of DNA

Explanation

Question 3 of 113

1

The enzyme amylase is secreted by:

Select one of the following:

liver and duodenum
duodenum and pancreas
salivary glands and liver
pancreas and salivary glands
stomach and duodenum

Explanation

Question 4 of 113

1

An example of absorption is the:

Select one of the following:

movement of food by peristalsis
active transport of glucose into a villus
hydrolysis of a peptide into amino acids
release of secretin in the presence of HCL
c and d

Explanation

Question 5 of 113

1

Chewing food aids digestion by:

Select one of the following:

stimulating the release of bile
increasing the surface area of the food
breaking up large protein molecules into peptides
breaking down carbohydrates
breaking down fats

Explanation

Question 6 of 113

1

A function of the small intestine is to:

Select one of the following:

secrete bile
filter waste
make vitamins
absorb nutrients
secrete HCL

Explanation

Question 7 of 113

1

The main source of energy in food is:

Select one of the following:

proteins
vitamins
nucleic acids
carbohydrates
lipids

Explanation

Question 8 of 113

1

Which of the following has the lowest pH?

Select one of the following:

gastric juice
hepatic bile
pancreatic juice
saliva
secretion of the intestinal glands

Explanation

Question 9 of 113

1

Calcium absorption is facilitated by:

Select one of the following:

hypercalcaemia
oxalates in the diet
iron overload
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
increased Na+ absorption

Explanation

Question 10 of 113

1

When parietal cells are stimulated, they secrete:

Select one of the following:

HCL and intrinsic factor
HCL and pepsinogen
HCL and HCo3-
HCO3- and intrinsic factor
mucus and pepsinogen

Explanation

Question 11 of 113

1

Secretion of HCL by the gastric parietal cells is needed for:

Select one of the following:

activation of pancreatic lipases
activation of salivary lipases
activation of intrinsic factor
conversion of pepsinogen into pepsin
formation of micelles

Explanation

Question 12 of 113

1

Fat absorption occurs mainly in the:

Select one of the following:

stomach
duodenum
terminal ileum
caecum
sigmoid colon

Explanation

Question 13 of 113

1

The movements of the small intestine are:

Select one of the following:

mixing contraction
propulsive contraction
antiperistaltic contraction
hunger contraction
a and b

Explanation

Question 14 of 113

1

Where the protein hydrolysis occurs:

Select one of the following:

oral cavity
stomach
small intestine
esophagus
b, and c

Explanation

Question 15 of 113

1

Which of the following organs or tissues is most dependent upon a constant blood supply of glucose?

Select one of the following:

liver
brain
adipose tissue
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle

Explanation

Question 16 of 113

1

After a fatty meal is taken, most of the fat would be:

Select one of the following:

absorbed in the portal circulation and transported to the liver
absorbed in the portal vein and transported in the hepatic artery
absorbed as chylomicrons in the lymphatic system
absorbed as triglycerides into the portal vein and bypasses the liver
absorbed in the duodenum

Explanation

Question 17 of 113

1

For fat digestion:

Select one of the following:

bile salts are the most efficient emulsifiers
gastric lipase is the most important
pancreatic lipase in the duodenum is the most important
digestion takes place in micelles
micelles attach to enterocyte receptor

Explanation

Question 18 of 113

1

Gastric acid secretion is decreased by:

Select one of the following:

vagal inhibition
ingestion of protein
noradrenaline
M1-cholinergic antagonist show the same efficacy at reducing gastric acid secretion
distension of bowel wall

Explanation

Question 19 of 113

1

Release of which one of the following increases the pH of duodenal contents?

Select one of the following:

secretin
gastrin
intrinsic factor
cholecystokinin
gastrin releasing peptide

Explanation

Question 20 of 113

1

In the small intestine, glucose is absorbed:

Select one of the following:

passively
by secondary active transport (coupled to Na transport)
by facilitated diffusion
by co-transport with chloride
actively by insulin dependent uptake

Explanation

Question 21 of 113

1

After ingestion of a meal:

Select one of the following:

digestion of fat and carbohydrate begins in the mouth while protein digestion begins in the stomach
carbohydrates are digested in the mouth and proteins in the stomach
proteins are digested in mouth and fats and carbohydrates in stomach
most fluid and electrolytes are absorbed in the large bowel
composition of the food has no effect on transit time through the bowel

Explanation

Question 22 of 113

1

Calcium uptake in the intestine:

Select one of the following:

is passive
requires a carrier protein on the mucosal side
is by facilitated diffusion
is less than 10% of dietary intake
is facilitated by phosphate

Explanation

Question 23 of 113

1

Which one of the following is a water soluble vitamin?

Select one of the following:

vit. A
vit. B
vit. D
vit. E
vit. K

Explanation

Question 24 of 113

1

In the duodenum in response to acidic chyme is released:

Select one of the following:

cholecystokinin
gastrin
secretin
peptide
amylase

Explanation

Question 25 of 113

1

In the GI tract. the layer, responsible for absorption and secretion is:

Select one of the following:

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
adventitia

Explanation

Question 26 of 113

1

The digestive enzyme, produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas is:

Select one of the following:

maltase
amylase
pepsin
nuclease
lipase

Explanation

Question 27 of 113

1

This keeps the chyme in the stomach until it reaches the right consistency to pass into the small intestine:

Select one of the following:

esophageal sphincter
Intrinsic sphincter
cardiac sphincter
pyloric sphincter
duodenal sphincter

Explanation

Question 28 of 113

1

Most of the chemical and mechanical digestion is carried out within:

Select one of the following:

pylorus
fundus
stomach
large intestine
small intestine

Explanation

Question 29 of 113

1

Parietal cells secrete:

Select one of the following:

serotonin
mucus
pepsinogen
hydrochloric acid
gastrin

Explanation

Question 30 of 113

1

The cells at the base of fundic or oxyntic glands are:

Select one of the following:

chief cells
G cells
enteroendocrine cells
goblet cells
parietal cells

Explanation

Question 31 of 113

1

The chyme movement and flow into the stomach is controlled by:

Select one of the following:

nervous system
pancreas
various digestive system hormones
liver
both the nervous system and various digestive system hormones

Explanation

Question 32 of 113

1

The function of the ileum is to:

Select one of the following:

absorb nutrients
absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts
introduce bile and pancreatic juices
absorb alcohol and aspirin
all of the above

Explanation

Question 33 of 113

1

Gastrointestinal hormones:

Select one of the following:

are secreted by exocrine glands of the gut mucosa and affect metabolism
are secreted into the blood stream by specialised cells in the gut walls and modulate its motor and secretory activity
are secreted by the gastric walls and protect the gut mucosa from the effect of HCL and proteolytic enzymes
are situated in the epithelial intestinal cells (enterocytes) and control the cell metabolism of nutrients
are secreted by the gastric walls and colon and protect the gut mucosa from the effect of HCL and proteolytic and nucleic enzymes

Explanation

Question 34 of 113

1

The gastrointestinal enzymes;

Select one of the following:

are situated in the epithelial cells (enterocytes) and control cell metabolism
are secreted into the blood stream by specialized cells in the gut walls and modulate its motor and secretory activity
are secreted by exocrine glands of the gut mucosa and break down nutrients
are secreted by the gastric walls and protect the gut mucosa from the effect of HCL and proteolytic enzymes
are secreted by the gastric walls into the small intestine and protect the gut mucosa om the effect of HCL, proteolytic and nucleic enzymes

Explanation

Question 35 of 113

1

Which enzymes are secreted with the gastric juice:

Select one of the following:

pepsinogene and lipase
pepsinogene, tripsinogene and maltase
pepsinogene, lipase and HCL
protcolytic, lipolytic and amylolytic enzymes
protcolytic, nucleolytic, lipolytic and amylolytic enzymes

Explanation

Question 36 of 113

1

Which enzymes are secreted with the pancreatic juice:

Select one of the following:

lipolytic: lipase and esterase
proteolytic: trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, etc
amilolitic: amylase, maltase, sacharase, lactase
nucleic: RNA-ase and DNA-ase
all of the above

Explanation

Question 37 of 113

1

The enzymes, secreted with the intestinal juice are:

Select one of the following:

exopeptidases, lipase, maltase, nucleic (nuclease, nucleotidases, nucleosidases)
endo- and exopeptidases, esterase and amylolytic enzymes
aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, nuclease and llpase
aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, nuclease, somatostatin, secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozimin
trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase and lipase

Explanation

Question 38 of 113

1

Which of the bile components are important for digestion:

Select one of the following:

secretin and hepatocrinin
bile salts, phospholipids, cholesterol
acid phosphatase, secretin and hepatocrinin
proteolytic, lipolytic and amylolytic enzymes
cholecystokinin-pancreozimin and hepatocrinin

Explanation

Question 39 of 113

1

The humoral factors inhibiting gastric motility are:

Select one of the following:

Gastrin
GIP, catecholamines, secretin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin-pancreozimin
Secretin and cholccystokinin-pancreozimin
Gastrin and motilin
Intestinal hormones, somatostatin, secretin and cholecystockinin-pancreozimin

Explanation

Question 40 of 113

1

The humoral factors stimulating gastric motility are:

Select one of the following:

Catecholamines, secretin, gastric peptide, somatostatin, cholecystokinin-pancreozimin
Secretin and cholecystokinim-pancreozimin
Motilin and gastrin
GIP, VlP, somatostalin, secretin and cholecystokinin-pancrezimin
Gastrin, histamine, secretin

Explanation

Question 41 of 113

1

The humoral factors that stimulate intestinal motility are:

Select one of the following:

catecholamines and intestinal hormones
secretin and hepatocrinin
secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozimin, GlP, VIP, substance P and bombesin
intestinal hormones
gastin, secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozimin and hepatocrinin

Explanation

Question 42 of 113

1

The humoral factor's that inhibit gastric secretion are:

Select one of the following:

Gastrin, histamme, acetylcholine, cholecystokinin-pancreozinin, bombesin, motilin
Secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozimin, somatostatin, catecholamines
GIP, secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozimin, VIP, enterogastrone
Enkephalines, endorphines, angiotensinogens
Corticoglomerolotropin, prolactin, substance P

Explanation

Question 43 of 113

1

Which humoral factors stimulate gastric secretion:

Select one of the following:

Secretin, cholecystokinin-somatostatin
Secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozimin, histamine, acetylcholine, bombesin,motilin, meat and vegetable extracts
VIP, somatostatin, GIP, cholecystokinin-pancrcosimin
Corticoglomerulotropin, prolactin, substance P
Gastrin, histamine, secretin

Explanation

Question 44 of 113

1

The physiological effect of gastrin on gastric secretion is:

Select one of the following:

increased amount of gastric juice of low acidity and high proteolytic activity
to decrease the amount of gastric juice
decreased amount of gastric juice of high acidity and low proteolytic activity
increased amount of gastric juice of high acidity and low proteolytic activity

Explanation

Question 45 of 113

1

The physiological effect of histamine on gastric secretion is:

Select one of the following:

increased amount of gastric juice of high acidity and low proteolytic activity
to decrease the amount of the gastric juice
increased amount of gastric juice of low acidity and high proteolytic activity
increased amount of gastric juice of high acidity and high proteolytic activity

Explanation

Question 46 of 113

1

The humoral factors that stimulate the formation and secretion of bile are:

Select one of the following:

angiotensin, thyroxine, somatostatin
glucagon, calcitonin, VIP
secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin-pancreozimin, bile salts
catecholamines, glucagon, calcitonin, VIP
alkaline and acid phosphatase

Explanation

Question 47 of 113

1

The humoral factors that inhibit the formation and secretion of bile are:

Select one of the following:

secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin-pancreozimin, acetylcholine
catecholamines, no
alkaline and acid phosphatase
angiotensin, tiroxin, somatostatin
insulin, glucagon, cathecholamines, growth hormone, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones

Explanation

Question 48 of 113

1

The humoral factors that stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice are:

Select one of the following:

glucagon, calcitonin, somatostatin
tripsin, amilase, lipase
secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozimin, gastrin, serotonin, VlP, insulin
somatostatin, GIP
glucagon, insulin, catecholamines, growth hormone, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones

Explanation

Question 49 of 113

1

The carbohydrates are absorbed as:

Select one of the following:

mono- and disaccharides
glucose and glycogen
monosaccharides - pentoses and hexoses
glucosamines
glucose, glycogen, glucosamine

Explanation

Question 50 of 113

1

The hormones regulating carbohydrate metabolism (synthesis, catabolism) are:

Select one of the following:

androgenes, estrogenes, progesteron, adrenoglomerulotropin
insulin, glucagon, catecholamines, growth hormone, glucocorticoids (ACTH), T3 and T4 (TTH)
somatostatin, bombesin, gastrin, histanime, kinins
glucagon, calcitonin, somatostatin, calecholamines, serotonin
catecholamines, glucagon, dehydroepiandroserone, somatotropin

Explanation

Question 51 of 113

1

The hormones that increase significantly the basic metabolic rate are:

Select one of the following:

Insulin and glucocorticoids
Glucagon and parathyroid hormone
Testosterone and estrogens
T3, T4, catecholamines and glucocorticoids
Insulin and growth hormone

Explanation

Question 52 of 113

1

Glucose enters the blood stream via:

Select one of the following:

absorption in the mouth
gluconeogenesis in the skeletal muscles
enterocytes' absorption, liver glycogen catabolism, hepatocytes and kidneys gluconeogenesis, renal proximal tubule
epitheliocytes
degradation of glycogen in the skeletal muscles
glucogenolisis in the hepatocytes

Explanation

Question 53 of 113

1

The basal metabolic rate is the energy consumption of the body under the following conditions:

Select one of the following:

adequate intake of vitamins regulating the intermediate processes of metabolism of the various substances
normal function of the endocrine glands
physical and psychic rest, 12 hours after the last meal in a room at a temperature of 20-22°C
during physical activity
during sleep, pregnancy or lactation

Explanation

Question 54 of 113

1

The chief cells of the stomach glands secrete:

Select one of the following:

enzymes
hydrochloric acid
mucus
gastrointestinal hormones
autonomously active substances

Explanation

Question 55 of 113

1

The humoral and pharmacological factors inhibiting salivary secretion are:

Select one of the following:

catecholamines
cholinolytics
adrenominetics
catecholamines, cholinolytics, adrenomimetics
adrenolytics and cholinomimetics

Explanation

Question 56 of 113

1

Humoral factors taking part in the calcium/phosphorus homeostasis are:

Select one of the following:

parathyroid hormone and thyroxin
parathyroid hormone, thyrocalcitonin and vitamin D3
thyrocalcitonin and epinephrine
thyrocalcitonin and aldosteron
antidiuretic hormone, androgens and angiotensin II

Explanation

Question 57 of 113

1

The body requires amino acids to:

Select one of the following:

produce new red blood cells
produce new protein
replace damaged red blood cells
replace damaged protein
b and d

Explanation

Question 58 of 113

1

Which of the following will catalyze the breakdown of starches?

Select one of the following:

protease
amylase
lipase
sucrase
peptidase

Explanation

Question 59 of 113

1

Which molecule represents the storage form of glucose in the liver?

Select one of the following:

glycogen
glucagon
disaccharide
lactic acid
carbonic acid

Explanation

Question 60 of 113

1

As far as bile is considered:

Select one of the following:

contains enzymes required for the digestion of fat
contains unconjugated bilirubin
bile salts make cholesterol more water-soluble
pigments contain iron
becomes more alkaline during storage in the gallbladder

Explanation

Question 61 of 113

1

Saliva:

Select one of the following:

from different salivary glands has a similar composition
contains enzymes essential for the digestion of proteins
has less than half the ionic calcium level of plasma
has more than twice the iodide level of plasma
has a pH between 5 and 6

Explanation

Question 62 of 113

1

Swallowing is a reflex which:

Select one of the following:

has its reflex centres in the cervical segments of the spinal cord
is initiated by a voluntary act and includes inhibition of respiration
has its reflex centres in the thoracic segments of the spinal cord
is not dependent on intrinsic nerve networks in the esophagus
is more effective when the person is lying down rather than when standing

Explanation

Question 63 of 113

1

Appetite for food is increased:

Select one of the following:

by the secretion of cholecystokinin
by the secretion of calcitonin
when the stomach is distended
the stomach is denervated
the environment is cold

Explanation

Question 64 of 113

1

Secretion of saliva increases when;

Select one of the following:

atropine is applied
the month is flushed with fluids with a pH of about 7
the subject thinks of unappetizing food
epinephrine is applied
the saliva glands parasympathetic nerve supply is stimulated

Explanation

Question 65 of 113

1

Defecation is a reflex action:

Select one of the following:

that is coordinated by reflex centres in the sacral cord
whose afferent limb carries impulses from stretch receptors in the colon
whose efferent limb travels mainly in sympathetic autonomic nerves
which is more likely to be initiated just before a meal than just after it
which can be unvoluntarily inhibited or facilitated

Explanation

Question 66 of 113

1

In the stomach:

Select one of the following:

pH rarely falls below 4.0
pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by hydrochloric acid
ferrous iron is reduced to ferric iron by hydrochloric acid
acid secretion is inhibited by pentagastrin
there is a rise in the bacterial count after histamine H1 receptor blockade

Explanation

Question 67 of 113

1

Intestinal juice contain:

Select one of the following:

potassium in a concentration similar to that in extracellular fluid
enzymes that are released when the vagus nerve is inhibited
enzymes that hydrolyze disaccharides
enzymes that hydrolyze monosaccharides
enzymes that suppress pancreatic proteolyic enzymes

Explanation

Question 68 of 113

1

Pancreatic secretion:

Select one of the following:

in response to vagal stimulation is copious, rich in bicarbonate but poor in enzymes
in response to acid in the duodenum is scanty but rich in enzymes
to response to secretin secretion is low in bicarbonate
contains enzymes that digest neutral fat to glycerol and fatty acids
contains enzymes that convert disaccharides to monosaccharides

Explanation

Question 69 of 113

1

The liver is the principal site for:

Select one of the following:

synthesis of plasma albumin
synthesis of plasma globulins
synthesis of vitamin B12
storage of vitamin C
activation of some polypeptide hormones

Explanation

Question 70 of 113

1

The gastric juice:

Select one of the following:

is secreted when the vagus nerves are stimulated
is secreted in vagotomized animals when food IS chewed but not swallowed
activates the digestive enzymes secreted with saliva
digests the gastric mucosa because it is not protected by a pepsin inactivator
does not imitate the oesophageal mucosa if regurgitated from the stomach

Explanation

Question 71 of 113

1

The respiratory quotient:

Select one of the following:

is the volume of 02 consumed to the volume of CO2 produced ratio
depends essentially on the type of substrate being metabolized and is 1.0 when the substrate is glucose
is 1.0 in conditions of metabolic alcalosis
is between 0.9 and 1.0 in the second week of fasting
is above 0.8 if fats are mainly metabolized

Explanation

Question 72 of 113

1

Oxygen consumption tends to increase when the:

Select one of the following:

concentration of oxygen in inspired air rises
metabolic rate falls
body temperature rises and environmental temperature falls
environmental temperature increases
before a meal is ingested

Explanation

Question 73 of 113

1

Brown fat is:

Select one of the following:

relatively more abundant in adults than in infants
richer in mitochondria than ordinary fat and has an extensive sympathetic innervation
produces less heat and more ATP than other tissues
stimulated to generate more but when its parasympathetic nerve supply is stimulated
less important than shivering in neonatal thermoregulation

Explanation

Question 74 of 113

1

Nitrogen balance:

Select one of the following:

is the relationship between the body's nitrogen intake and nitrogen loss
is usually negative in childhood
becomes more positive when dietary protein is decreased
becomes positive whenever a single essential amino acid is omitted from the diet
becomes less negative in the final stages of fatal starvation

Explanation

Question 75 of 113

1

The normally innervated stomach:

Select one of the following:

is stimulated to secrete gastric juice when food is chewed, even if it is not swallowed
secrete HCL when its H1- histamine receptors are blocked
increases gastric secretion when there are fear and depression
empties slower than the denervated stomach
is stimulated to secrete gastric juice by the hormone secretin

Explanation

Question 76 of 113

1

The passage of acidic gastric contents to the duodenum may cause:

Select one of the following:

copious secretion of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate
increased gastric motility
relaxation of the gallbladder
contraction of the sphincter of Oddi
inhibition of pancreozymin secretion

Explanation

Question 77 of 113

1

Bile salts:

Select one of the following:

derived from cholesterol, are the only constituents of bile necessary for digestion
have a characteristic molecule, being water-soluble
are reabsorbed mainly in the upper small intestine
increase surface tension
are absorbed in the colon

Explanation

Question 78 of 113

1

The specific dynamic action of food:

Select one of the following:

is the decrease in metabolic rate that results from ingestion of food
persists for about an bout after a meal is ingested
is due to the additional energy expended in digesting and absorbing the food
results in about 30 per cent of the may value of ingested protein being unavailable for other purposes
results in about 20 per cent of the energy value of ingested fat and carbohydrate being unavailable for other purposes

Explanation

Question 79 of 113

1

Secretion of gastric juice:

Select one of the following:

decreases when food stimulates mucosal cells in the pyloric region
is associated with a decrease in the pH of venous blood during the stomach
in response to food is increased after vagotomy
is essential for carbohydrate digestion
is essential for absorption of vitamin B12

Explanation

Question 80 of 113

1

In the small intestine:

Select one of the following:

the enzyme concentration in intestinal juice is higher in the ileum than in the jejunum
vitamin B12 is absorbed mainly in the jejunum
water absorption is independent on the active absorption of sodium and glucose
absorption of calcium occurs mainly in the terminal ileum
glucose absorption is dependent on sodium absorption

Explanation

Question 81 of 113

1

The cells of the liver:

Select one of the following:

help to maintain the normal blood glucose level
deaminate amino acids to form NH4+ which is excreted as ammonium salts in the urine
synthesize Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
manufacture most of the immune globulins
activate steroid hormones manufactured in the gonads

Explanation

Question 82 of 113

1

Absorption of dietary fat:

Select one of the following:

can only occur after the neutral fat has been split into glycerol and fatty acids
does not depend on their size
is impaired when bile salt reabsorption is prevented by resection of the terminal ileum
is carried out by passive diffusion
is greatest in the lower parts of the small intestine

Explanation

Question 83 of 113

1

One gram of:

Select one of the following:

carbohydrate, metabolized in the body, yields more energy when oxidized in a bomb calorimeter
fat, metabolized in the body, yields no per cent more energy than 1g of carbohydrate
protein, metabolized in the body, yields the same energy as when oxidized in a bomb calorimeter
carbohydrate, metabolized in the body, yields about the same energy as 1g of protein
protein per kg body weight is not the adequate daily protein intake for a sedentary adult

Explanation

Question 84 of 113

1

Cholesterol:

Select one of the following:

can be absorbed from the gut by intestinal lymphatics following its incorporation into chylomicrons
can be synthesized in the spleen
in the diet comes mainly from vegetable sources
is eliminated from the body mainly by metabolic degradation
is a precursor of adrenal medulla hormones

Explanation

Question 85 of 113

1

Free (non-esterified) fatty acids in plasma:

Select one of the following:

are provided to fat cells and other tissues by chylomicrons and VLDL
are bound to albumins
decrease when the level of blood adrenaline rises
can be metabolized to release energy in smooth muscle
are not synthesized in the fat depots where they are stored

Explanation

Question 86 of 113

1

lmpaired intestinal absorption of:

Select one of the following:

iron occurs frequently following removal of most of the stomach
iodine leads to a reduction in size of the thyroid gland
water occurs in infants who cannot digest lipids
calcium may occur following removal of the terminal ileum
bile salts may occur following resection of the stomach

Explanation

Question 87 of 113

1

Peptic ulcer pain is typically relieved by:

Select one of the following:

raising the pH of the fluid bathing the ulcer and a drug blocking the gastric proton pump
a drug decreasing the pH
H2 stimulators
a drug which interferes with the action of acetylcholinesterase
a drug which stimulates the gastric proton pump

Explanation

Question 88 of 113

1

Fat stores In the adult:

Select one of the following:

make up less than 5% of average body weight
make up a smaller percentage of body weight in women than in men
release fatty acids when there is increased sympathetic nerve activity
release fatty acids when insulin is injected
enlarge by increasing the number of adipocytes they contain

Explanation

Question 89 of 113

1

Metabolic rate can be estimated from measurements of:

Select one of the following:

total heat loss
the calorific value of the food consumed m the previous 24 hour
oxygen consumption and the respiratory quotient
carbon dioxide production and the respiratory quotient
c and d

Explanation

Question 90 of 113

1

Complications that may arise after total gastrectomy include

Select one of the following:

depletion of vitamin B12 stores in the liver
malabsorption of fat due to rapid intestinal transit
impaired defaecation due to loss of the gastrocolic reflex
inability to digest protein
a and b

Explanation

Question 91 of 113

1

Severe diarrhoea causes a decrease in:

Select one of the following:

body potassium
antidiuretic hormone level
extracellular fluid volume
total vascular peripheral resistance
a and b

Explanation

Question 92 of 113

1

Urobilinogen is:

Select one of the following:

a mixture of colourless compounds also known as stercobilinogen
formed in the reticuloendothelial system from bilirubin
absorbed from the intestine
excreted mainly in the urine
a and c

Explanation

Question 93 of 113

1

Surgical removal of 90 % of the small intestine may cause a decrease in:

Select one of the following:

the fat content of the stools
bone mineralization (osteomalacia)
extracellular fluid volume
blood haemoglobin level
body weight

Explanation

Question 94 of 113

1

Lack of pancreatic juice in the duodenum may lead to:

Select one of the following:

the presence of undigested meat fibres in the stools
an increase in the fat content of the films
a decrease in the fat of the faeces
a high prothrombin level in blood
a and b

Explanation

Question 95 of 113

1

Gastric:

Select one of the following:

acid secretion in response to a lowered blood gugar is mediated by the hormone gastrin
emptying is facilitated by sympathetic nerve activity
acid secretion increases when histamine H2 , muscarinic M1 or gastrin receptors are activated
acid secretion is inhibited by the presence of food In the duodenum
c and d

Explanation

Question 96 of 113

1

Constipation is a recognized consequence of:

Select one of the following:

psychological stress
abnormality of the autonomic nerve supply to the esophagus
a diet that leaves little unabsorbed residue in the gut
over-activity of the thyroid gland as in thyrotoxicosis
a and c

Explanation

Question 97 of 113

1

Absorption of glucose by intestinal mucosal cells:

Select one of the following:

relies on a carrier mechanism in the cell membrane
is blocked not by the same agents that block renal reabsorption of glucose
is enhanced by blockade of active sodium transport in the cells
takes place mainly in the ileum
does not involve the same carriers that are used for the absorption of galactose

Explanation

Question 98 of 113

1

Muscle tone in the lower oesophagus is:

Select one of the following:

lower than tone in the middle oesophagus
a major factor in preventing heartburn
increased in pregnancy
decreased by gastrin
increased by anticholinergic drugs

Explanation

Question 99 of 113

1

Which of the following are incorrectly paired:

Select one of the following:

pancreatic alpha amylase-starch
elastase-tissue rich in elastin
renin-coagulated milk
enteropeptidase-trypsinogen
phospholipase A2-phospholipids

Explanation

Question 100 of 113

1

All are GIT hormones except:

Select one of the following:

cholecystokinin
gastrin
secretin
erythropoietin
somatosmin

Explanation

Question 101 of 113

1

Iron Is absorbed in:

Select one of the following:

stomach
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
colon

Explanation

Question 102 of 113

1

in infants, defecation often follows a meal. The cause of colonic contractions in this situation is:

Select one of the following:

gastro-ileal reflex
increased circulating levels of CCK
gastrocolic reflex
enterogastric reflex
decreased circulating levels of gastrin

Explanation

Question 103 of 113

1

Which of the following has the highest pH:

Select one of the following:

gastric juice
pancreatic juice
bile in GB
secretions of intestinal glands
saliva

Explanation

Question 104 of 113

1

Man is unable to digest:

Select one of the following:

dextrin
glucose
cellulose
glycogen
maltose

Explanation

Question 105 of 113

1

Steatorrhoea may be cooled by all factors except:

Select one of the following:

pancreatectomy
gastrin secreting tumor
resection of distal ileum
hemolytic jaundice
increascd amount of fat in the stools

Explanation

Question 106 of 113

1

Normal swallowing is dependent on the integrity of the:

Select one of the following:

9 and 10 cranial nerves
pyramidal tract
trigeminal nerve
appetite center of hypothalamus
neurons, secreting VIP

Explanation

Question 107 of 113

1

Secretion of the intrinsic factor occurs in

Select one of the following:

parietal cells of the stomach
chief cells of the stomach
upper abdomen
alpha cells of pancreas
cells of the parotid gland

Explanation

Question 108 of 113

1

In which of the following is absorption of water greatest:

Select one of the following:

colon
jejunum
duodenum
stomach
mouth

Explanation

Question 109 of 113

1

Secretin is released by:

Select one of the following:

acid in duodenum
acid in stomach
cells in the liver
distention of colon
gallbladder

Explanation

Question 110 of 113

1

Vit D is essential for normal:

Select one of the following:

Fat absorption
Ca absorption
ADH secretion
Protein absorption
Glucose absorption

Explanation

Question 111 of 113

1

Gastrin secretion is increased by:

Select one of the following:

acid in the lumen of stomach
calcitonin
secretin
vagal discharge
a and b

Explanation

Question 112 of 113

1

Saliva is responsible for all except:

Select one of the following:

deglutition
dental cares prevention
complete digestion of proteins
the concentration of iodine
maintaining the oral pH at about 7.0

Explanation

Question 113 of 113

1

Carbonic anhydrase has a role to play in the formation of:

Select one of the following:

HCL by the parietal cells of the stomach
carbaminhaemoglobin
cerebrospinal fluid in the choroid plexuses
bile salts
a and b

	Created by Med Student over 7 years ago