100137
| Question | Answer |
| malignant neoplasms - microscopic | poor resemblance to tissue of origin. variable size and shape of cells. numerous and often abnormal mitoses. invasion of blood and lymphatic vessels, perineural space, supporting structures. may be sometimes be dysplasia in adjacent tissue |
| cytological features malignancy | cellular pleomorphism. nuclear pleomorphism. nuclear hyperchromatism. prominent nucleoli. abnormal mitoses |
| spread of malignancies | local. lymphatic. vascular. perineural. trans-coelomic; peritoneal or pleural |
| histological assessment | type grade and staging |
| histological grade | differentiation, pleomorphism, mitotic index |
| tumour staging | size of tumour, invasion, metastasis |
| TNM staging | tumour, nodes, mets |
| neoplasia: new growth | 1. cell proliferation in the absence of a continuing external stimulus . |
| 6 hallmarks of cancer | 1. evading apoptosis. 2. sustained angiogenesis. 3. tissue invasion/mets. 4. limitless replicative potential. 5. self sufficiency in growth signals. 6. insensitivity to anti growth signals |
| benign lesions | slow growing. well prescribed and local. do not invade |
| malignant lesions | fast growing and invasive |
| malignant neoplasms - clinical signs | rapid growth. frequently ulcerate. frequently haemorrhage. frequently metastasise. |
| malignant neoplasms - macroscopic | irregular tumour edge – infiltrating growth. cut surface appears variegated due to necrosis and/or haemorrhage within tumour. adjacent structures or draining lymph nodes may be obviously involved |
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