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Description
Flashcards by Savannah Duggan, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Savannah Duggan
about 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Two part Basic Ontological Postulate | 1. All mental processes are the outcome of neural activity 2. And are the outcome of the microscopic interactions and actions of the great neuronal network of the brain - the proper level of analysis of the mind-brain problem |
| Hebbian Plasticity | "fire & wire" When axon of cell A is near enough to excite cell B and repeatedly does so, growth process/metabolic change in A and/or B so A's efficiency is increased as one of the cells firing B |
| Koch & consicousness | consicousness: neuroscience doesn't understand enough about the brain to know how consciousness arises. first step is to determine best neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) |
| Weaknesses of Neuroscience | -Can't study all neurons at once -Can't study all levels at once (behavioural, molecular, cellular, assemblies, networks) -relations between levels often unclear -mostly correlational, experimental limits -mental experince cant be directly obser |
| Optogenetics | real time, restricted to specific neurons, reversible/nonperm uses light to manipuate neuronal activity |
| Natural Brain lesions | stroke, tumour trauma, degenerative disorders (alzheimers, dementia) |
| Stroke | brain stem - fatal in minutes posterior cerebral artery - vision problems left side - language impairment angiography x ray - injected dye hemorrhagic = blood vessel burst ischemic = blood clot blocks artery |
| Tumours | usually from glial cells Can cause damage to surrounding tissue when removed or by pressurizing skull cavity |
| TBI | Traumatic Brain Injury Closed head injury - bruising (coups/ countercoups), changes in white matter Open head - penetration of skull (coups, countercoups, infection, blood flow) |
| Experimental Lesions | Scalpel, aspiration, transection (cut white matter tracts), radio frequency, neurochemical (localize injection), reversible neurochemical (lidocaine, scopolamine), cooling |
| Artificial Lesions | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
| CAT Scan/CT Scan | computed tomography reconstruction of 3d space from compressed 2d xrays cant distringuish white/grey matter, low res, can differentiate skull and ventricles |
| MRI | Magnetic Resonance imaging differentiates between ventricles, white and grey matter, skull |
| Diffusion Tensor Imaging | viewing white matter tracts (connectivity between regions) uses mri scanner to measure density and motion of water in axons measure protons between 2 pulses of energy |
| EEG | electroencephalography surface electrodes on scalp measure summed graded potentials form many thousandsof neurons, reveals features of brain activity: as behaviour changes, patterns and rhythmes, ERPs |
| ERP | event related potential detect which areas are active and order of regional activity |
| PET | Positron Emission Tomography -radioactive molecules injected into blood -detects changes in blood flow by measuring uptake of oxygen and glucose -measures metabolic activity of neurons -can track changes in pH, glucose, amino acids, neurotransmitters, proteins, oxygen |
| fMRI | fucntional magnetic resonance imaging measures amount of oxygen increase (activity = excessive oxygen increase) BOLD signal = Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent, ration of oxygenated to deoxygenated hemoglobin temporally less precise than EEG and ERP |
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