1095963
Description
Flashcards by Lisa Dodds, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lisa Dodds
over 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| List 8 situations a pup should be exposed to | Being handled by adults and children (in the home), wearing a collar and lead, dogs other animals, unfamiliar objects scents, and sounds in the home/garden, being left alone, walking up and down stairs |
| List 8 situations a pup should be trained in in the home environment. | Response to visitors, toilet training, use of bed, not using furniture, feeding time, family meals, grooming procedure, response to other pets, use of toys and traveling in the front foot well. |
| List various types of environments a pup should be trained to walk in | Small shopping centres, large shopping centres, quiet residential walks, along side busy traffic, city, semi-business, training around other dogs, public transport |
| What types of volunteer roles are there within Guide Dogs SA? | PDC volunteers Puppy Raisers Home Boarders Short Term Boarders |
| Describe the difference between exposing and training in | - Exposure is allowing the dog to become habituated to an environment or stimulus to decrease the response -Training is developing a dogs response to a certain stimulus or environment and expecting it to respond in a particular manner. |
| What should be assessed of a puppy raising volunteer and what requirements do they need to meet? | Fully fenced property Drivers licence and access to vehicle school aged children or above Not working full time (pup not left alone more than 4h a day) Ability to handle dog Police clearance Signed medical Clearance |
| By the time the pup comes into training what should be developed in a puppy? | Developed recall and good social behaviour Realxed, friendly and obedient in home, not over boisterous degree of distraction should lessen well behaved when left alone be low position in family group Confident and relaxed out walking in a variety of situations |
| What three things may affect a pup's standard of behaviour when it comes in for training? | - the pups temperament -the puppy raisers poor handling ability -lack of motivation or commitment - puppy raiser |
| What are the 3 aims of training | - to familiarise the dog to all common working environments and situations - to train the dog to required standards and prepare them for client handling - To train dogs to suit the abilities and meet specific needs of matched clients |
| What should be included in a training program? | - Familiarisation to working environments/situations -obedience and recall -response to commands -guiding position -speed and tension -straining line behaviour -kerb work -right shoulder work -traffic work -locating objectives -social bheaivour |
| What factors will affect the duration of training (8)? | -Maturity of the dog/hormones -Dogs health -Dog's temperament -Instructor/trainers ability (competence and experience) -Trainer's use of time and other responsibilities -Dog's previous experience (through PR) -Dog's learning ability -Method/approach used |
| What type of approach and attitude should a working guide dog adopt? | - dogs ability to perform required tasks - Dogs mental state or attitude is affected by attitude/approach of handler - Dogs willingness to work and please handler (unwillingness = unsafe) - Dogs ability to act without prompting (initiative) - Occasionally dog will need to responding to environment, over handler's command as doing so would result in work error - Dog should perform in a positive manner (not indecisive) - confidence and mutual trust between handler and dog - ability for handler and dog to concentrate on environment together |
| What is the scientific name of the domestic dog | Canis familiaris |
| What three main reasons suggest that dogs are decedent from wolves over jackals | similar social behaviour similar vocal patterns same arrangement of teeth |
| Why must dogs be decedent from an adaptable creature? | - modern dog must be adaptable as highly variable in shapes and sizes - wolf is adaptable as different kinds, in different climates, and eat a variety of foods - all are cross fertile |
| What is domestication? | Process during which the care, feeding and breeding of a species becomes under the control of man |
| How long ago were dogs domesticated and what stages were involved? | 12000 years ago (taming, selection, breeding) - taming - wolf cubs adopted by family for mutually beneficial relationship (wolf - eats food remains, family gets protection, tracking and hunting) - Selection- if good wolf - would have bred wolf to another owners wolf to produce cubs -Selective breeding - established to enhance specific traits and different breeds - good temperament for living with people, large size and speed for running down game, bravery and fighting ability for protection, small size and courage to kill game in holes. |
| What are the major physical and behavioural changes in domestic dogs in comparison to their ancestor? | Physical - sizes, shape of head, the coat Behavioural - reproductive potential (sexual maturity earlier), canine specialisation - i.e. dog breeds for specific purpose |
| What is neoteny? | The persistence of juvenile characteristics of the wild ancestors in the adult domesticated animal ( important for domestication) as this increases controllability and trainability of domestic dog. |
| What 7 actions of the modern domestic dog can be seen in wolves? | rolling guarding hunting gorging bedding (circling) licking/grooming vocalisation |
| How do we utilise canine instincts in guide dog training? | Take advantage of some instincts such |
| What is an instincts? | An instinct is something which comes from within the dog which is not learnt, but innate. Examples include, pack instinct, maternal instinct, etc You cannot always eliminate a basic instincts |
| Describe canine vision in comparison to man | - born blind and not fully developed until 8 weeks - vision has more rods than cones (better periphery) - wider field of view dependent on location of eyes (250-270 degrees) - Designed for hunting prey, so sensitive to movement - better night vision - opaque reflective layer called tapetum lucidum (reflects light to enhance night vision) -Rudimentary colour vision (but lesser degree to humans) -Smaller binocular field, so not great with depth |
| Describe a dogs hearing in comparison to man | -can hear higher frequency's than man, but approximately the same lower. -ears can move independently to localise sound (better in some dogs dependent on ear conformation) - born deaf - ears open approximately 3 weeks - can hear up to 4 times the distance of humans - larger portion of the brain dedicated to sound |
| Describe Olfactory sense in comparison to humans | - developed at birth to find teat. - 100 times more greater than man - utilise it for marking territory, greeting/ communication with other dogs - humans have 5 million scent receptors, dogs 220 million. - larger area to brain |
| Describe the function of taste in comparison to humans | functions at birth less taste buds (2000 in dogs, 10000 humans) will reject food on smell alone |
| What is the importance of the sense of touch for dogs? | function at birth - most important contact with mother comforting and necessary for emotional development. If deprived - submissive fearful, withdrawn. Touch can be utilised for praise or play and can be a potential reward. Dogs also investigate their environments using special sensory hairs on their muzzle (whiskers) |
| What are the four basic needs for survival of a dog? | Companionship Security Food Reproduction |
| How does the alpha dog fit into the social hierarchy of dogs? | -eats first - decides where it wants to sleep -only one allowed to mate - leads the pack, and passes through narrow spaces - wins all tug of war games (stronger) - gives attention when it choses (doesn't give into attention) -controls play within pack - stops fights |
| What three things are utilised in communication between dogs? | Body language Facial expression Vocal expressions |
| Define Learning | A relatively permanent change in behaviour as a result of prior experience, often learnt through practise and reinforcement. |
| What is the basic principal of instrumental/operant learning? What are 3 important factors to consider when thinking about reinforcers and punishers? | If an action/behaviour performed in a certain situation (eg. given a command, or in presence of stimulus) is followed by a reinforcer (Eg. reward), then the action being performed will be strengthened, and likely to increase in intensity or frequency. Consequently, if a behaviour/action is is proceeded by an unpleasant stimulus (positive punishment) then the behaviour is likely to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour continuing. - the stimulus must be seen as a reinforcer or punisher to the dog (ie. if the dog doesn't like pats it will not reinforce the behaviour, and if the correction is not seen as a negative consequence to the dog it will not work to decrease the behaviour - timing of the reinforcer/punisher is important (must occur at the time or immediately after event) - Intensity of the reward/punisher must fit the response. - punishers can be seen as a reinforcer to a dog that is attention seeking |
| What types of reinforcers and punishers are there? Give an example of each and how it is used in GD training. | Positive reinforcer - a stimulus that follows a behaviour, that the dog deems as pleasurable and strengthens a behaviour (intensity or frequency) - eg. vocal or physical praise or material reward. Eg. teaching kerb stops - Negative reinforcement - strengthening of a response/behaviour/action by removing an unpleasant stimulus. eg. When telling a dog to Down, pinching between the dogs shoulder blades, until the dog lies down. Once the dog is in a down, the pressure is removed and to avoid that behaviour, the dog is reinforced. (Reinforcing RSW - dog feels anxious on approach to obstacle, it moves to avoid the obstacle, and the anxiety is removed) - Positive punishment - A stimulus that follows a behaviour that the dogs deems as unpleasurable and results in a decrease in the frequency or intensity of a behaviour. Eg. Correction for sniffing - Negative punishment - removing something the dog likes to decrease likelihood of that behaviour happening (dog is seeking attention in home - timeout in unstimulating room because dog wants to be with family) |
| What are the two stages of Guide Dog Training and how are they used? | Guided learning (errorless) - dog prevented from making mistakes - constant reinforcement schedule - dog is shown how to complete tasks - decreases stress - clear body, vocal and hand signals - Move on to intermittent praise - once dog knows the correct response Trial and Error - latter stages of training, usually after guided learning - gradually withdrawing support - if dog makes a mistake, it receives a negative consequence (eg. bumping an obstacle) and in some instances, the dog is given an opportunity to repeat this so that they receive a positive reinforcer. - can be stressful for the dog if used prematurely or inappropriately - can cause inadvertent learning. |
| What is extinction? How might this be used in training? Give an example of how incorrect handling may result in extinction? | Extinction (unlearning) is the disappearance of a learnt response due to lack of reinforcement or practise. Can be used to get rid of an undesirable behaviour (eg. whining - ignoring this behaviour until the dog no longer whines for attention. RSW can become extinct due to lack of reinforcement by the handler/client if they help the dog out by manipulating their body around an obstacle instead of reinforcing "Watch" command. |
| What is the difference between stimulus generalisation and stimulus discrimination? | Generalisation - the dogs ability to perform a desired response in the presence of a particular stimuli under various circumstances (eg. kerb stops. The dog understands it needs to stop at all kerbs, even if it hasn't stopped at kerbs in that area before) Discrimination - the dogs ability to pick a particular stimulus among similar stimuli (eg. remembering a particular shop door, or identifying the correct hotel door). This is something that would need to be taught at first- but the ability to remember on future occasions?) |
| What is spontaneous recovery in relation to extinction? | Reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response as a result of appropriate circumstances. (Eg. quick recovery on return to training centre. When those circumstances are removed, the resurrected response may again fade. |
| What incentive? How might we use it in training | Creates a motivation to perform behaivour (eg. providing vocal/physcial or material reward at a bus stop along a route to help stimulate a dog on a route.) |
| What is an inhibition? What can inhibition be caused by? | Anything that causes a blockage or breakdown in a conditioned response. Caused by: envirnomental factors (eg. weather) emotional state (fear, hunger, ill health) Handlers behaviour (stressed/angry) |
| What is a displacement behaviour? How should you handle a displacement behaviour? | - Any instinctive behaviour that is performed out of context which seems to have a tension relieving effect. Often an action to do with grooming or feeding - Identify reason dog may have anxiety/stress related behaviour and remove it or habituate the dog to the situation/experience - never punish as this may make the underlying stress/anxiety worse. |
| What is shaping and give an example of how we use this in guide dog training? | - process of learning a task in stages by reinforcing behaviours closer to the final behaviour. - eg. Finding the chair using clicker - click dog for looking at chair - click dog for moving towards the chair - click dog for touching the chair -click dog for resting its head on the chair - click dog when owner touches the chair. |
| What is avoidance behaviour and how can it be derivable and undesirable? | Moving away from a situation which the dog perceives as unpleasant. Undesirable - moves away from handler to prevent efficient recall. Desirable - avoids obstacles, to prevent owner knocking into something (unpleasant consequence) |
| What is habituation? Give an example of how this can be used in guide dog training? How can habituation be brought about by poor handling? | - Repeated exposure to a situation to decrease the dogs responsiveness to the situation. - displays of suspicion can be removed or reduced by gradually habituating the dog to the cause. -Important on puppy program. - Eg. If the dog is over excitable due to anxiety of escalators, repeated calm handling and exposure to this situation, may reduce the excitable response. - habituation can also occur inadvertently (eg. response to commands, may decrease if a handler repeats commands without following through. |
| Describe the principal behind classical conditioning. Give an example in GD training. | The pairing of a neutral stimulus with a natural stimulus that results in an involuntary response. After classical conditioning, the previously neutral stimulus, becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response. PROCESSS: - Unconditioned stimulus results in an unconditioned response (eg. dog runs to handler, in response to its food bowl being filled) Before conditioning, a neutral stimulus (i.e.. Whistle) means nothing. During conditioning - Whistle is blown immediately before the dog is allowed to eat. After conditioning - the whistle is blown and the dog will run to handler, believing it will receive food. (whistle = run to handler to receive food) |
| What is observational learning? How might it be used in GD learning? How might this be bad? | - Dogs can learn through watching other dogs and imitating them. - eg. Utilise on escalators. Although not genuine learning through observation, confidence can be gained by utilising another dog in front of it. -eg. bad - Coprophagy in dogs. |
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