12083064
Description
Flashcards by Calli Ware, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Calli Ware
almost 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| How did people explain bad behavior "back in the day"? | - SPIRITUALISM - Good v. Evil - " The devil made me do it" |
| Spiritualism Explanations | - Natural disasters were punishments by spirits for wrongdoings - Trial by battle (god would save you if you were innocent) |
| Compurgation | - Allowed the accused to have reputable people swear under oath that they were innocent |
| What is wrong with spiritual explanations? | - Cannot be tested - Therefore, led to natural explanation |
| The Classical School | - Cesare Beccaria |
| Cesare Beccaria | - Father of Criminal Justice - Deference model - Strong belief in social contract |
| Social Contract | - Society should give up certain rights for the governments protection of them |
| Principles of Becarria | - Punishments must be certain, swift, and severe - Offender should be viewed as a reasonable person - Its better to prevent crimes than to punish them |
| Two Types of Deterrence | 1. General 2. Specific |
| Two Types of Deterrence * General * | - You don't do something because you're scared of getting in trouble |
| Two Types of Deterrence * Specific * | - You experience a punishment first hand |
| Three Elements of Deterrence | 1. Swift 2. Certain 3. Severe |
| Three Elements of Deterrence * Swift * | SWIFT - Punishment must be soon enough that the offender can link the crime & punishment together - 6th amendment |
| Three Elements of Deterrence * Certain * | CERTAIN - Certainty that you are going to be caught and punished - MOST IMPORTANT |
| Three Elements of Deterrence * Severe * | SEVERE - The punishment must fit the crime |
| The Positive School | - Crime is based on your physical makeup |
| Johann Layater & Physiognomy | - The study of facial features to determine behavior - Crazy eyes, big ears, pointy mouth - White man was the only one who looked "normal" |
| Franz Joseph Gall & Phrenology | - Determining human disposition based on bumps on the skull |
| Lombroso's Positive School | - Work based on Darwinism - Studied soldiers & their physical differences - Certain criminals were born atavistic |
| Lombroso's Atavistic | - Less evolved than the average human - Identified through stigmata |
| Lombroso's Atavistic Individuals | - Abnormally large/small ears, nose, eyes, jaws - Tattoos - Family history |
| Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals | 1. Born criminals 2. Insane criminals 3. Occasional criminals 4. Criminals of passion |
| Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals * Born Criminal * | - Atavistic characteristics |
| Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals * Insane Criminal * | - Idiotism, imbeciles, paranoias, alcoholics, epileptics |
| Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals * Occasional Criminal * | - Crimes explained by opportunity but do not have innate traits that predispose them to criminality |
| Lombroso's Four Classifications of Criminals * Criminals of Passion * | - Commit crimes out of anger, love, or honor |
| Lombroso's Lasting Legact | - Put forth a multiple factor explanation of crime - Pushed the study of crime towards science - Father of Positive School |
| Italian Criminological Tradition | - Enrico Ferri - Raffaele Garofalo |
| Enrico Ferri & Habitual Criminal & Interactive Effects | - Created habitual criminal - Criminality can be explained by interactive effects of physical, individual & social |
| Enrico Ferri & Habitual Criminal & Interactive Effects | - Physical: race, geography, temperature - Individual: age, gender, psychological Social: population, religion, culture |
| Raffaele Garofalo & Pity/Probity | - Major belief: Society is more important than the individual - Crime is an act against nature |
| Raffaele Garofalo & Pity/Probity | 1. Pity - voluntary infliction of the suffering of others 2. Probity: respect the property of others |
| Other Early Studies | - Goring - Kretschmer - Sheldon - Frued |
| Goring & English Convicts | - Studied 3,000 english convicts - Determined no significant difference between criminals/non except for stature and body weight - Criminals slightly smaller |
| Kretschmer Three Body Types | 1. Asthenic 2. Athletic 3. Pyknic |
| Kretschmer Three Body Types * Asthenic * | - Lean and narrowly built - Prone to schizophrenia |
| Kretschmer Three Body Types * Athletic * | - Muscular - Prone to schizophrenia |
| Kretschmer Three Body Types * Pyknic * | - Medium build with propensity to be overweight - Prone to manic depression |
| William Sheldon & Somatotyping | - In general body types can predict criminality - Endomorphic, mesomorph, Ectomorph |
| Williem Sheldon & Somatotyping * Endomorphic * | - Obese - Associate personality trait: jolly and lazy |
| William Sheldon & Somatotyping * Mesomorph * | - Athletic - Associate personality trait: Agressive |
| William Sheldon & Somatotyping * Ectomorph * | - Thin - Associate personality trait: Shy |
| Frued Id/ Ego/ Superego | - All behavior is motivated and purposive, but is not socially acceptable so it must be repressed |
| Frued Id/ Ego/ Superego * Id* | - Urges one to commit crimes |
| Frued Id/ Ego/ Superego * Ego* | - Balances deserves between id and superego |
| Frued Id/ Ego/ Superego * Superego | - Perceptions of ourselves |
| Major Family Studies | - Dugdale - Goddard |
| Dugdale & Jukes Family Study | - Concluded family involved in crime because family suffered from "degeneracy and innate depravity" - Criminal behavior is inherent |
| Goddard & Kalikaks Family Study | - Criminality is more common in some families - Criminality of the mother has a stronger influence on the children than the fathers criminality |
| IQ Studies | - Alfred Binet - Goddard |
| Alfred Binet & Changeable IQ | - Created IQ - Created to identify youth who were not up to par educationally - IQ CAN BE CHANGED |
| Goddard & Innate IQ | - IQ cannot be changed - Passed on from generations - Used IQ to incapacitate people - Feeblemindedness: low IQ - Moron is the most dangerous |
| Policy Implications | - If people are inherently bad, what type of policy will be enforced? 1. Mass incarceration 2. Elimination 3. Eugenics |
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