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| Question | Answer |
| Summary Diagram of the disposition of toxicants. | |
| What is the relationship between exposure and absorption | Just because exposure has occurred doesn't mean an adverse effect follows. This is because the toxin must get to the site of action in order to take effect. |
| Toxicological response is related to | Exposure Dose The interaction between toxicant and body barriers. Defense mechanisms Tissue-Affinity Specificity Other rate modulators and Inhibitors. |
| What is the major physical barrier? | Intact Skin |
| Name different routes of administration | Topical (Skin) Enteral (Digestive Tract) Parenteral (Going through skin and mucous membranes) |
| Steps Post Absorption | Distribution: Intra-cellular: Cell wall and organelles Biotransformation: Enzyme-driven reactions Excretion: Removal of metabolized toxicants from the body. |
| Pharamaco-Toxicokinetics | TIme toxicants take to course the body during various processes of absorption, distribution, and elimination of the toxicant. It also deals with how the body handles the toxicant Plasma Concentrations variations at various points. |
| Pharamaco-Toxicodynamics | Determines the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and toxicants as well as their mechanism of action. |
| Toxicant passage through membranes to the site of action. | |
| Lipid bilayer mechanisms of transport | Passive diffusion: Through the membrane FIltration: Through the Aqueous pore Special Transport: Aided by carrier mols Endocytosis: Pinocytosis and Endocytosis |
| Name some features of Passive diffusion | Most drugs go through this path Concentration gradient is the driving force Persists until Equilibrium is reached Lipid bilayer solubility is the key Molecular weight is also the key |
| Diffusion coefficient primarily depends on | Solubility of the toxicant in the membrane Its Molecular Weight Its Molecular Conformation |
| Partition Coefficient primarily depends on | Solubility of the compound in lipid and water Note: The compounds movement within and out of the cell depends on its solubility. |
| (Ch-Cl) | Concentration Gradient It is the driving force of diffusion. across biological membranes |
| What physiochemical characteristics determine routes and rate of absorption. | Structure Particle Size Mw Ionization Hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity. |
| What is bioavailability? | This is the dosage availability available in the body. |
| The most efficient route of drug entry or delivery | Intravenous |
| Gi tract diagram pH | |
| GI tract Functions. | |
| Function of epithelial cells | Transports food molecules from the lumen into the capillaries. |
| Arterioles | Bring blood to villus |
| Venules | Takes blood away from villus |
| Small Intestine Structure | |
| First pass effect Diagram | |
| First pass effect definition | A phenomenon of drug metabolism by the liver where a drugs [ ] is greatly reduced before it reaches systemic circulation. |
| Pathway of dermal absorption | |
| Epidermal Layer | |
| Particle Sizes and Deposition | |
| Lung Deposition Mechanism | Particles Deposit in the lungs according to size air and velocity |
| Factors to consider in respiration injury from gases and vapor | Chemical DOse Water solubility (Hydro or lipophilicity Chemical Reactivity. |
| Gases and vapor with low water solubility | Nitrogen dioxide and ozone |
| Gases and vapor with high water solubility | Sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde, HCL |
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