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Description
Flashcards by Megan Whitehead, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Megan Whitehead
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are organelles? | Structures within a cell e.g. nucleus, chloroplast, vacuole Features seen under a light microscope |
| What is the ultra-structure? | The detail inside a cell revealed by an electron microscope |
| What is cell theory? | Cells are the basic unit of life. Cells are the fundamental unit of structure, function and organisation in all living organisms. Only developed from existing cells. |
| What are the features of Prokaryotic cells? | Pilli Flagellum Coil of DNA No membrane bound organelles 70S Ribosome Small size 0.1-10 um |
| What are the features of Eukaryotic cells? | Nucleus Membrane bound organelles 80S Ribosomes Bigger size 10-100 um |
| What organelles are in Prokaryotes? (Bacteria) (9) | Plasmid Slime Capsule Pilli Cell wall Cell membrane Nucleoid Cytoplasm 70S ribosome Flagellum |
| What organelles are in Animal cells? (16) | Vesicles Golgi apparatus 80S ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear pore Nuclear membrane Mitochondria Cytoplasm Cell membrane Lysosome Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Small vacuole Centrioles Vesicles |
| What organelles are in Plant cells? (17) | Tonoplast Vacuole Amyloplast Plasmodesmata Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cell wall Cell membrane Mitochondria Chloroplast Nuclear Membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear pore Rough endoplasmic reticulum 80S ribosome Golgi apparatus Secretary vesicles |
| What is Microscopy? | Organelle recognition |
| What is a Micrograph? | A photograph from an electron microscope |
| What is Resolution? | The ability to distinguish between two points |
| What radiation source does a Light microscope use? | Light |
| What radiation source does an Electron microscope use? | Electrons |
| What magnification does a Light microscope have? | Up to 1000x (up to one thousand times) |
| What magnification does an Electron microscope have? | Up to 1000,000x (up to one million times) |
| What resolution does a Light microscope have? | 0.2 um (micrometres) |
| What resolution does an Electron microscope have? | 50 pm (????) |
| Are Light microscopes in colour? | Yes |
| Are Electron microscopes in colour? | No- Black and white |
| What are microscopes used for? | Tells us about how the structure relates to function so we understand how cells work. Cytology- studying whether tissue samples are diseased or healthy. |
| What is magnification? | How many times bigger the image appears compared to the actual object. |
| How do you convert between cm, mm, um and nm? | |
| What is the formula to work out Image/ Magnification/ Actual? | |
| What is the method of working out the actual size of a magnified image? | Measure the image size using a ruler (mm) Convert mm to micrometres (um) Divide this number by the given magnification |
| What is the structure of gram negative bacteria? | Gram negative bacteria has an additional membrane that allows them to control reaches the inner cell enabling them to remove threats in the space between the membranes before it reaches the cell. |
| What is the structure of gram positive bacteria? | Gram positive bacteria has thick peptidoglycan layer that absorbs antibiotics and cleaning products easily. |
| What colour result will there be for gram-positive bacteria? | Purple |
| What colour result will there be for gram-negative bacteria? | Pink |
| What is tissue? | A collection of similar cells that perform a common role e.g. epithelial |
| What are organs? | A collection of tissues working together to perform a particular function e.g. the liver |
| What are organ systems? | Several organs working together to perform an over all life function e.g. digestive system |
| What is cell differentiation and specialisation? | When multicellular organisms consist of many cells, these cells specialise to perform a role. |
| How do cells differentiate? | Change in the number of a particular organelle. Changes in shape of cell. Changes in the contents of the cell. (Differentiation can include all three types of change in a cell) |
| Where do unspecialised cells come from? | Bone marrow |
| What is the structure of Palisade Mesophyll Cells? | Packed with chloroplasts containing chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight. Regular columnar shape closely packed together forming a layer for maximum sunlight absorption. Mitochondria that produce ATP to support photosynthesis. Thin walled cells for rapid diffusion of gasses. Clear cell walls to absorb maximum sunlight. Large vacuole to maintain turgor pressure. |
| What is the structure of Sperm? | Nucleoid=haploid, 23 chromosomes. Streamline head and body to reduce resistance. head contains acrosomes which contain hydrolytic enzymes to digest the egg cell membrane for penetration of the sperm head (nucleus). Flagellum (tail)to propel the sperm to the egg. Mitochondria to generate ATP for the movement of flagellum. |
| What is the structure of an egg cell? | Many mitochondria for cell division after fertilisation. Haploid nucleus containing 23 chromosomes. Cytoplasm containing nutrients and fat for embryo development. Zona pellucida protects the cell and restricts sperm entry. Cortical granules harden the zona pellucida to prevent multiple fertilisation. |
| What is the structure of a root hair cell? | Large surface area for absorption of water by osmosis. Some minerals are transported down a concentration gradient from the soil by facilitated diffusion through channel proteins. Thin permeable cell walls reduce diffusion distance. Large numbers of mitochondria providing ATP for active transport of minerals from soil. |
| What is the structure of a white blood cell? | Flexible shape allows engulfing of pathogens (phagocytosis). Multi-loved nucleus allows flexibility. Contains lysosomes to break down pathogens. Contains large amounts of RER for protein synthesis (proteins used to make antibodies). Granular appearance- granules containing hydrolytic enzymes. Many receptors on the membrane for antigens to attach. |
| What is the structure of a red blood cell? | Contains haemoglobin proteins to bind oxygen. Thin outer membrane for short diffusion distance. Bi-concaved surface increases surface area for diffusion- allows more heamoglobin to be packed arround the edges. Flexible membrane to squeeze through narrow capillaries. No nucleus so there is more room for haemoglobin. |
| What type of tissue is this? | Squamous epithelial tissue |
| What type of tissue is this? | Columnar epithelial tissue |
| What is Squamous Epithelial Tissue? | Located in the lungs and lines alveoli. Single layer of thin cells that fit tightly together- large surface area for diffusion of gasses. They allow diffusion and filtration (CO2 and O2 exchange). One cell thick- short diffusion pathway. Good blood supply- maintains concentration gradient. |
| What is COPD? | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
| What affect does smoking have on cilia and lung tissue? | It slows the movement of cilia. Mucus is not moved efficiently. It causese blockages in the airways. Persistent cough to expel mucus. |
| What is the function of goblet cells? | Goblet cells are specialised as gland cells that synthesise and secrete mucus. |
| What is endothelial tissue? | Cells that line blood vessels and the heart, they are one cell thick and form a barrier between blood and tissue. |
| What is the structure and function of endothelial tissue? | One cell thick providing short diffusion pathways. Movement of substances e.g. digestion products into capillaries, blood plasma and tissue fluid in and out of blood capillaries. |
| What risk factors can cause damage to endothelium? | Carbon-monoxide Lack of exercise Smoking High blood pressure- lumen is narrowed Too much salt High cholesterol |
| What is atherosclerosis? | 1- Deposits of fatty substances under the endothelium lining of arteries. 2- The fatty deposits build up and break through endothelial lining forming plaque in lume. 3- This reduces the size of the lumen and restricts blood flow. |
| Which tissue contain cilia and goblet cells? | Columnar epithelial tissue |
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