1259544
Description
Flashcards by Hazel Meades, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Hazel Meades
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Inflection | Affix told you what the grammatical function/place of the word in a sentence was. |
| Borrowings/loan words | Words that we've added to our lexicon from other countries. |
| Broadening | Words broaden in meaning. |
| Final e | Adding an extra e onto the word e.g: lorde, refreshe |
| Narrowing | When a word narrows in meaning for example: mete (meaning food) becomes meat. |
| Virgule | The use of slashes. They separate the text into chunks acting in a similar (but not very conventional) way to full stops. |
| Neoclassicism | Going back to classical ideas. This is particularly apparent in the renaissance period where Latin and Greek elements became influential. |
| Paleologism | An old word dug up and used again. |
| Elevated diction | Making things complex and grammatically difficult in order to make yourself sound intellectual. This was particularly apparent in the renaissance period. |
| Inkhorn term | Any foreign borrowing deemed to be unnecessary or overly pretentious, usually from Latin. This was recognised during the renaissance and was an example of prescriptive vs descriptive debate. |
| Grammatical conversion | E.g: noun changes to a verb, such as spoon, due to use of item over time. |
| Prescriptive | Belief in a correct standard form of language. |
| Descriptive | You observe and account for changes but accept that they are inevitable and embrace them. |
| Sapir Whorf hypothesis | Language = thought |
| Lexicographer | Person who makes dictionaries. |
| Codification | The last stage of a neologism before it enters the language. This is the moment that it's officially written down and used. |
| Brand names/eponyms | New words from proper nouns e.g: hoover, biro, thermos |
| Compounding | Formation of new words from free morphemes e.g: airmail, graveyard, paperback |
| Blends | Two words squished together, omitting some of the letters in them individually so they wouldn't make sense alone e.g: chortle, smog, spritten (spoken and written), motel |
| Shortenings | E.g: cab, pub, plane, bra, perm |
| Back formations | Words invented from an existing word, where the verb is often created from the noun e.g: enthuse (from enthusiasm), liase (from liason), televise (from television |
| Reduplicatives | Often created and used informally. They copy the word but change it slightly e.g: goody-goody, walkie-talkie |
| Affixation | Adding a standard prefix or suffix e.g: unforgiving, unfunny, cannbalise etc. |
| Nonce word | Word only used temporarily when there is a need for it. It isn't coined or taken on by the language. |
| Eye-dialect | The way you'd write an accent to force someone to pronounce it |
| Pidgin language | Linguistically simplistic. Not a mother tongue - a slang language. As it widens across tribes it becomes Creole and can appear unintelligible to outsiders. |
| Political correctness | Language that avoids offence and prejudice. It aims to increase the power, value and credibility of the individual. |
| Taboo language | Language that is deemed to be socially unacceptable within a certain context. |
| Truncation | Shortening words e.g: n-word. |
| Adaptation | E.g: sheesh, frik, shitake mushrooms |
| Substitution | Euphemisms e.g: it's my time of the month |
| Grawlixes | E.g: f*@k |
| Slang | Lexical innovation within a particular cultural context. |
| Codeswitching | Our ability to switch from register to another seamlessly. |
| Accomodation | Adapting to the audience. |
| Omission | Clipping of a consonant from a word. |
| Assimilation | The pronunciation of one phoneme is change by an adjacent phoneme e.g: donchu. |
| Non-standard L vocalisation | Pronouncing the l-sound in certain positions almost like /w/ so milk bottle becomes miwk bottoo and football = foobaw. The l sounds that are affected are those that are dark in classical RP and are followed by another consonant. |
| Glotalling | Using a glottal stop instead of a /t/ in certain positions. This isn't the same as omitting /t/ altogether since plate sounds different from play. Authors often show it through spelling e.g: take i' off. |
| Weak vowels | Aitchison saw that people often say erstronomy or merstake. |
| Uptalk | A rising intonation even when something isn't a question. |
| HappY-tensing | Making an ee sound from y e.g: Saturdee. |
| Yod coalescence | Using a ch sound instead of tu e.g: Tuesday --> chuesday. |
| Americanisation | Not just lexical. Changing the stress in words e.g: controversy. |
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