13396475
Description
Flashcards by Emma Lloyd, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Emma Lloyd
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What were the Van Helmots experiments? | Grew a plant and only applied water. At the end of growth, the soil weighed 2oz less but the plant weighed 164lb more. |
| What is hydroponics? | The process of growing plants in sand, gravel, liquid, etc, with added nutrients. There is no soil involved in hydroponics. |
| What can hydroponics experiments tell us? | If a plant becomes abnormal in the absence of a particular mineral during hydroponics, we learn that element that is absent is essential |
| What was the Broadbalk experiment? | Back in 1843, different inorganic fertilisers were tested on a winter-wheat crop. They tested the effect of N, P, K, Na, Mg and manure. They also had a control crop. |
| What did experiments like the Broadbalk experiment find? | Manure and commercial fertilizers were of equal value in providing nutrients Rotating crops had a beneficial effect on yields One nutrient can be replaced by another in the soil (cation exchange) |
| What are the nine macronutrients? | Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The first six (COHNSP) are found in the organic things, the last three are found in inorganic things. |
| What is nitrogen used for? | Amino acids, nucleic acids and chlorophyll |
| What is phosphorus used for? | ATP, storage bodies, lipids |
| What is potassium used for? | Ion balance, stomata, as a cofactor |
| What is calcium used for? | Cell walls, as a cofactor, stimuli |
| What is magnesium used for? | As a cofactor, for enzyme function and chlorophyll |
| What is sulfur used for? | Amino acids and enzymes |
| What are the micronutrients? | Iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper, molybdenu, and chloride |
| What is tip burn caused by? | A calcium deficiency in plants |
| What are calcicole plants? | They can access phosphate, iron and manganese of high pH soils. They are unable to tolerate much Al3+ or H+ though. |
| What are calcifuge plants? | They tolerate high Al3+ and H+. They have lost the power of solubilizing mineral nutrients in high pH soils, though. |
| What are the sources of nutrients? | Atmosphere, weathering of rocks, nutrient recycling and application |
| What is gained from the atmosphere? | C, H, O2 and N2 in legumes |
| What can be acquired from the weathering of rocks? | P, K, Ca, Mg and others |
| Where does nutrient recycling occur? | Forests |
| Where are nutrients applied to plants? | When the plants are cultivated |
| Example of mineral deficiency in non-terrestrial plants? | Algae in oceans are restrained by iron deficiencies. Only small amounts of iron produce algal blooms that pull carbon dioxide from the air. Seeding oceans with iron could slow atmospheric CO2 increase. |
| How is deficiency minimised? | Growth, root hairs, chemical modification, mycorrhiza, insectivory, N2 fixation and transporters |
| How do root hairs help minimise deficiency? | The hairs can increase surface area and grow longer to get more nutrients from the soil depending on the concentration of said nutrients in the soil. |
| How can chemical modification help minimise deficiency? | Nutrients are absorbed into negatively charged soil particles. So, acid like H+ can be released by roots to release these absorbed ions from the soil. |
| How can parasitism help minimise deficiency? | Mistletoe, for example, uses projections called haustoria to get xylem sap from the vascular tissue of a host tree |
| What are mycorrhizae? | Fungus roots that are modified and consist of symbiotic associations between the fungi and roots. The fungus helps the plant roots whilst receiving a steady supply of sugar and a hospitable environment |
| What is an endo mycorrhiza? | They form arbuscules inside of cells |
| What are ecto mycorrhiza? | They wrap around the outside of a root and there are hypea (a Hartig net) between cells |
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