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Description
Flashcards by Lily Eaves, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Lily Eaves
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| The composition of the blood: 55% plasma 45% red blood cells >1% white blood cells | Athletes train in high altitudes as there is less oxygen and therefore more red blood cells are produced |
| Haemaglobin is a large protein molecule folded around four iron ions Oxygen + Haemaglobin = Oxyhaemaglobin | Oxygen diffuses into red blood cells after being collected from the alveolus. This is where the oxygen binds with the haemaglobin to make oxyhaemaglobin. After, the oxygen will separate from the haemaglobin and will diffuse into the organ's cells. |
| Red blood cells: carry oxygen to the lungs for aerobic respiration are in the shapes of biconcave discs for increased surface area to volume area for diffusion the pigment that red blood cells contain is haemaglobin | red blood cells have no nucleus to make space for haemaglobin the lifespan of a normal red blood cell is 120 days |
| White blood cells: the role of this cell is to defend the body from harmful microorganisms the lymphocytes from antibodies against microorganisms antitoxins act against poisons from microorganisms | phagocytes engulf and digest invading viruses and bacteria |
| Platelets: are small cell fragments they clot the blood at wounds during the blood clotting process, there is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that result in converting fibrinogen to fibrin protects the new skin as it grows | it has the lifespan of about a week before they are destroyed by phagocytes in the liver |
| Plasma: 90% of plasma is water it transports blood cells and dissolved substances around the body the urea is formed in the liver from a breakdown of excess protein carried to the liver by plasma and disposed as urine | blood plasma transports glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, mineral ions and cholesterol |
| Blood vessels: there are three main blood vessels capillaries, arteries and veins | Arteries have thick walls containing muscle and elastic fibres, small lumen for blood flow and contain blood under high pressure |
| Veins have thin walls which mean they have larger lumen, they contain blood under low pressure and often have valves to stop the blood from flowing backwards | Capillaries have a one cell thick wall, contain blood under low pressure and have narrow lumen |
| A double circulatory system is one transport system from the heart to the lungs and back and one that transports blood the heart to the organs and back | If humans and mammals had singular circulatory systems like fish, animal cells would not be provided with a sufficient amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide would be in the bloodstream for a prolonged amount of time |
| The aorta branches off into two main blood vessels. These arteries then branch off into capillaries which supply oxygenated blood to the organs with oxygenated blood. (The coronary arteries supply the heart with oxygenated blood for respiration). | |
| The left ventricle wall is thicker than the right ventricle wall because it needs to push the blood further into the systemic circuit (body) compared to the pulmonary circuit (lungs) | Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the vena cava. The atrium contracts, pushing the blood into the right ventricle. The ventricles contract forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery. This carries blood to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. The blood is returned to the heart transported by |
| the pulmonary vein. The blood enters the heart at the left atrium and then travels to the left ventricle. The heart contracts, forcing the blood out of the heart into the aorta, which transports the blood to the rest of the body | The heart rhythm is controlled by a group of cells found in the right atrium of the heart, which acts as a natural pacemaker.The cells send electrical impulses causing the heart to beat. |
| An artificial pacemaker is an electrical device that has a wire, that is commonly placed within a vein, to send electrical impulses to the heart | Coronary heart disease is caused by the coronary arteries being blocked by fatty plaque containing cholesterol. If these arteries are blocked it can cause Angina. Many risk factors can cause a cholesterol build up. |
| Coronary Heart Disease (CHD): risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity and inactivity | A catheter is inserted, with a balloon attached to it, into a blood vessel in the leg. The balloon has a metal stent on it. The catheter is directed to the coronary artery. When the narrowed section of the artery is found, the balloon is inflated. The stent expands and is lodged in the vein. |
| Bypass surgery uses general anaesthetic and is a more risky treatment for CHD. Doctors use sections of blood vessels from other blood vessels in the body to replace the blocked area. This is only used when an artery is too blocked for stents to be effective. This can be expensive. | Doctors prescribe statins to anyone at risk from CHD. They reduce blood cholesterol levels, this slows down the rate at which fatty material is deposited in the coronary arteries. |
| Leaky valves: Mechanical valves- Durable and longlasting but the patient needs to take medication for the rest of their life Biological valves- don't damage red blood cells but only lasts around 12-15 year | Heart Failure: Heart transplant- lats for life but needs a tissue match, can die before the transplant and heart donations are rare Artifical hearts- live a relatively normal life and gives the heart a break but lots of upkeep, a risk of blood clots, expensive and cannot leave the hospital |
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