1392273
| Question | Answer |
| molecular genetics | the use of DNA as a code for proteins |
| DNA | deoxyribose nucleic acid; a double helix structure composed of nucleotides that store genetic information |
| central dogma |
states that genetic information can be transferred from DNA to RNA to proteins
Image:
Central_Dogma (image/png)
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| transcription | genetic information in a molecule of DNA is used as a template to generate a molecule of RNA; takes place in the nucleus |
| translation | a molecule of RNA is used as code for the sequence of amino acids in a protein; takes place on ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| nucleotides | DNA and RNA subunits that consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a base, and one or more phosphate groups; adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine (for DNA); same for RNA, except uracil is used instead of thymine |
| purines | double ring structures; G and A |
| pyrimidines | single ring structures; C, U, and T |
| T (nucleotide pairs with...) | A |
| G (nucleotide pairs with...) | C |
| U (nucleotide pairs with...) | A |
| peptide bonds | covalent bonds between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |
| primary structure | the order of amino acids in translation (peptide bonds) |
| secondary structure | hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxyl groups; alpha helices and beta sheets |
| tertiary and quarternary structure | interactions between side chains and carboxyl/R groups; includes ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions; produces overall shape and function of the protein |
| promoter | sequence on DNA that starts transcription |
| terminator | sequence on DNA that ends transcription |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme that splits DNA in transcription and synthesizes the mRNA strand |
| Direction RNA polymerase reads DNA in transcription | 3' to 5' |
| Direction mRNA is synthesized in transcription | 5' to 3' |
| location of transcription | nucleus |
| template strand | strand of DNA the RNA polymerase codes |
| nontemplate strand | strand of DNA that RNA polymerase does not code |
| hydrogen bonds |
bond between H and N, O, or F
Image:
protein_bonds2 (image/jpg)
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| hydrophobic interactions |
bonds usually between C and H;
water-fearing interactions
Image:
protein_bonds2 (image/jpg)
|
| ionic bonds |
electron exchange between atoms;
negative and positive charges present
Image:
protein_bonds2 (image/jpg)
|
| start codon | three nucleotides that start translation; AUG (Met) |
| stop codon | three nucleotide sequence that stops translation |
| Direction mRNA is read by the ribosome in translation | 5' to 3' |
| polypeptide chain | bonded amino acids produced at the ribosome that later forms the protein |
| tRNA landing and exiting sites in the ribsome | E (exit), P (peptidyl), A (aminoacyl; acceptor) |
| missense | point mutation of a single nucleotide that changes the amino acid |
| Nonsense | point mutation that changes one nucleotide which changes the amino acid to a stop codon (i.e., causes early termination) |
| silent | point mutation that changes one nucelotide but does not change the amino acid |
| insertion | frameshift mutation that adds an extra nucleotide and affects each subsequent amino acid |
| deletion | frameshift mutation that deletes a nucleotide and affects subsequent amino acids |
| DNA replication | semi-conservative (each new DNA molecule has one strand from the original DNA molecule) synthesis of a DNA molecule into two identical DNA molecules |
| direction DNA polymerase reads DNA strands in DNA synthesis | 3' to 5' |
| direction DNA is synthesized from DNA polymerase in DNA synthesis | 5' to 3' |
| origin | location where DNA synthesis begins |
| helicase | unwinds the DNA in DNA synthesis |
| topoisomerase | relieves stress on the DNA strands as helicase breaks the strands apart |
| primase | enzyme that make primers |
| ligase | connects Okazaki fragments on the laggin strand |
| Okazaki fragments | fragments of DNA on the lagging strand |
| location of DNA synthesis | nucleus |
| location of translation | cytoplasm (on ribosomes) |
| 3' end of DNA | has a hydroxyl group linked to it |
| 5' end of DNA | has a phosphate group linked to it |
| DNA vs. RNA (differences between them) | DNA: double strand nucleus bound very big stable RNA: single strand free very small unstable |
| DNA polymerase I | replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides |
| DNA polymerase III | synthesizes DNA on the leading strand |
| primers | RNA that allows DNA polymerase I to attach and synthesize DNA on the lagging strand |
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