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| Question | Answer |
| What is the definition of a lab experiment? | An experiment that is in an controlled environment, because researchers can isolate cause and effect by controlling other variables. |
| What is the definition of a field experiment? | The independent variable is manipulated but the experiment takes place in a real life setting. |
| What is the definition of the IV? | The variable that the researcher manipulates and which is assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent variable. |
| What is the definition of the DV? | The variable that is affected by the changes in the IV. |
| What is operationilising the variables mean? | Make the variables measurable. |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of a lab experiment? | Advantages: high control over the situation. Disadvantages: low ecological validity as it takes place in a unnatural setting and can cause demand characteristics. |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of a field experiment? | Advantages: natural environment= natural behaviour (high ecological validity) Disadvantages: lower control over the environment= extraneous variables. |
| What is the definition of naturalistic experiments? | The IV is already occurring- usually controlled or changed by someone else other than the experimenter, such as subjects studied at school. |
| What is the definition of a Quasi experiment? | The IV is something that cannot be controlled such as age, gender, psychological condition or race. |
| What is an example of a natural experiment and the naturally occurring IV? | On a Caribbean island where television had not yet been introduced, researchers found there was no diagnoses of anorexia nervosa. however, a few years later television had been introduced a number of girls were then diagnosed with it. The naturally occurring Iv: introduction to TV. |
| What is an example of a Quasi experiment and what is the naturally occurring IV? | An investigation into whether men or women get more stressed. The naturally occurring IV: Gender |
| What are the strengths and weaknesses of a natural experiment? | Strengths: it allows researchers to investigate behaviours that, for ethical reasons, could not be studied or created. Weaknesses: because participants are often unaware that they are taking part in an investigation, there will be less chance of demand characteristics and more natural behaviour. |
| What are the strengths of a Quasi experiment? | Strengths:because participants are often unaware that they are taking part in an investigation, there will be less chance of demand characteristics and more natural behaviour. |
| What is the definition of independent groups? | Testing separate groups of people, each group is tested in a different condition. |
| What are the strengths and weaknesses of independent groups? | Strengths: avoids order effects. if a person is involved in several tests they may become bored or become better at the test. Weaknesses: more people are needed. |
| What is the definition of repeated measures? | Testing the same group of people each member of one group is the same sex, age or social background. |
| What are the strengths and weaknesses of repeated measures? | Strengths: avoids the problem of participants variables. Weaknesses: order effects are more likely to occur. |
| What is the definition of matched pairs? | Testing separate groups of people- each member of one group is the same age, sex or social background as a member of the other group. |
| What are the strengths and weaknesses of matched pairs? | Strengths: reduces participant variables. Weaknesses: very time consuming trying to find closely matched pairs. |
| What is an example of independent group? | Get two different groups to run a certain amount of metres. One group with lucazade and the other with water. the only effect could that some people could be naturally faster than others. |
| What is an example of repeated measures? | Use the same group but they have to run once with lucazade and one without. this could result with people getting bored. |
| What is an example of matched pairs? | Use two groups of very athletic people to run the same length but one drinking lucazade and the other with water. |
| What is the term 'representative sampling'? | It is more or less able to act as a valid representation of the target population. |
| What is the definition of random sampling? | Every member of the target population has a equal chance of being selected. |
| What is the definition of opportunity sampling? | Using anyone in the target population who is available. |
| What is the definition of systematic sampling? | Selecting participants at fixed intervals. |
| What is the definition of stratified sampling? | A proportional sample. If you wanted to investigate gender differences on reaction time for example, if in your target population 60% were male and 40% were female. Then this would have to be represented in your sample. |
| What variables should be considered of this experiment? 'Students will a greater number of answers in attest when they have been taught with the lights on than off. | The persons mode, concentration, attitude, IQ, how long the study is and eyesight. |
| What does the term standardised procedures mean? | To ensure that all participants are tested in the same way. It is important that the researcher makes sure of that. |
| What things should be considered when doing standardised instructions? | The participants should be given identical instructions in the exactly the same way, its better to write down then read out, this eliminates any bias in terms of accents or reading speed, however reading the instructions could effect people with difficulty in reading, so they should be clear and simple. |
| How do you work out the mean of a group of numbers? | Add all the numbers together, then divide it by how many numbers there are. |
| How do you work out the median of a group of numbers? | Put all the numbers in order of size, then take away from each side to find the middle. |
| How do you work out the mode of a group of numbers? | The most frequently recurring number. |
| How do you work out the range of a group of numbers? | Take the smallest number away from the biggest number. |
| What does the term Aim mean? | Is a general statement why a study is being carried out. |
| What is the definition of a non-directional hypothesis? | Only states that there will be difference due to IV. |
| What is the definition of a directional hypothesis? | Only states that there will be a difference due to the IV, and states what the difference will be. |
| What is the definition of a null hypothesis? | Predicts that any differences between sets of results are due to chance and usually suggests there will be difference due to the IV. |
| What is the definition of demand characteristics? | Where someones behaviour can change by being watched or experimented on. |
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